Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.1.1. Climate
2.1.2. Flora and Fauna
2.2. Questionnaire Survey
2.3. Analytical Approach
2.4. Model Selection
3. Results
3.1. Livelihood System in the Study Area
3.2. Sighting Report and Status
3.3. Human–Wildlife Conflicts
3.3.1. Livestock Predation and Economic Loss
3.3.2. Human Attitude toward Wildlife
3.3.3. Perceived Danger
3.3.4. Consequences of Human–Wildlife Conflict
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Response Variable | Explanatory Variables | Variable Type | Levels |
---|---|---|---|
Attitude | Education | Nominal | Illiterate Primary Middle Graduate |
Occupation | Nominal | Farmer Employee Labour | |
Attacks on humans | Continuous | n/a | |
Crop damage | Continuous | n/a | |
Sighted wildlife species | Continuous | n/a | |
Age | Continuous | n/a | |
Earning members | Continuous | n/a | |
Livestock owned | Nominal | Cattle Goat Sheep Others | |
Livestock predation | Season | Nominal | Winter Spring Summer Autumn |
Location | Nominal | Forest Non-forest | |
Prey type | Nominal | Cattle Goat Sheep Other | |
Prey sex | Nominal | Male Female | |
Prey age | Nominal | Young Adult | |
Management practices | Nominal | Guarded Un-guarded | |
Circumstances | Nominal | Grazing Non-grazing | |
Crop damage | Season | Nominal | Winter Spring Summer Autumn |
Crop type | Nominal | Cereals Fruits Vegetables |
Model | AIC Full Model | AIC Selected Model |
---|---|---|
Attitude toward common leopard | 4256.3 | 2217.2 |
Attitude towards grey wolf | 3807.8 | 1715.3 |
Attitude toward golden jackal | 1925.7 | 1073.5 |
Attitude toward red fox | 2863.1 | 1625.4 |
Attitude toward Indian porcupine | 3824.4 | 1007.9 |
Attitude toward wild boar | 1634.7 | 873.1 |
Livestock predation | 3125.2 | 1047.24 |
Crop damage | 942.7 | 324.1 |
Livestock | Price | Common Leopard | Grey Wolf | Golden Jackal | Red Fox | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cow | 442 | 7072 (16) | 19,006 (43) | - | - | 26,078 (59) |
Donkey | 252 | 504 (2) | 7308 (29) | - | - | 7812 (31) |
Sheep | 158 | - | 474 (3) | 7426 (47) | - | 7900 (50) |
Goat | 126 | 1386 (11) | 4032 (32) | 49,392 (392) | - | 54,810 (435) |
Hen | 4 | - | - | 20 (5) | 360 (90) | 380 (95) |
Total loss | 8962 (31) | 30,820 (107) | 56,838 (444) | 360 (90) | 96,980 (670) | |
Annual loss | 4481 (15.5) | 15,410 (53.5) | 28,419 (222) | 180 (45) | 48,490 (335) | |
Per hh/year loss | 9.0 | 30.9 | 57.1 | 0.4 | 97.4 |
Factors | Common Leopard | Grey Wolf | Golden Jackal | |||||||||
Odds Ratio | Coefficient | SD | p Value | Odds Ratio | Coefficient | SD | p Value | Odds Ratio | Coefficient | SD | p Value | |
ED: graduate | 2.549 | 0.936 | 0.49 | 0.055 | 2.420 | 0.884 | 0.49 | 0.069 | 3.105 | 1.133 | 0.52 | 0.03 |
ED: middle | 2.266 | 0.818 | 0.4 | 0.039 | 2.183 | 0.781 | 0.39 | 0.048 | 2.286 | 0.827 | 0.42 | 0.05 |
ED: primary | 2.263 | 0.817 | 0.38 | 0.033 | 2.038 | 0.712 | 0.38 | 0.063 | - | - | - | - |
Sighted grey wolf | 0.571 | −0.559 | 0.3 | 0.066 | 0.581 | −0.543 | 0.3 | 0.074 | - | - | - | - |
Sighted golden jackal | 0.924 | −0.079 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.927 | −0.075 | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.922 | −0.081 | 0.03 | 0.001 |
Sighted red fox | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Sighted porcupine | 0.938 | −0.064 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.939 | −0.062 | 0.04 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - |
Goat | 0.939 | −0.062 | 0.02 | 0.005 | 0.939 | −0.062 | 0.02 | 0.006 | 0.933 | −0.069 | 0.02 | 0.004 |
Factors | Red Fox | Indian Porcupine | Wild Boar | |||||||||
Odds Ratio | Coefficient | SD | p Value | Odds Ratio | Coefficient | SD | p Value | Odds Ratio | Coefficient | SD | p Value | |
ED: graduate | 3.792 | 1.333 | 0.58 | 0.022 | 3.031 | 1.109 | 0.53 | 0.035 | - | - | - | - |
ED: middle | - | - | - | - | 2.415 | 0.882 | 0.43 | 0.038 | - | - | - | - |
ED: primary | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Sighted grey wolf | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Sighted golden jackal | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.878 | −0.13 | 0.08 | 0.093 |
Sighted red fox | 0.677 | −0.39 | 0.07 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 1.212 | 0.193 | 0.1 | 0.045 |
Sighted porcupine | - | - | - | - | 0.843 | −0.17 | 0.06 | 0.005 | - | - | - | - |
Goat | - | - | - | - | 0.954 | −0.047 | 0.02 | 0.043 | - | - | - | - |
Crop damaged | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.218 | 1.169 | 0.69 | 0.089 |
Others | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.072 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.028 |
Factors | Levels | Odds Ratio | Coefficient | SD | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location | Non Forest | 2.373 | 0.864 | 0.377 | 0.022 |
Prey type | Goat | 8.23 | 3.037 | 0.347 | 0.000 |
Prey age | Young | 2.623 | 0.964 | 0.368 | 0.009 |
Guarded | Yes | 12.395 | 2.517 | 0.608 | 0.000 |
Factors | Levels | Odds Ratio | Coefficient | SD | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop type | Cereal | 0.031 | −3.468 | 1.012 | 0.001 |
Vegetable | 0.100 | −2.306 | 1.135 | 0.042 |
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Khattak, R.H.; Teng, L.; Mehmood, T.; Ahmad, S.; Bari, F.; Rehman, E.U.; Liu, Z. Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10793. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910793
Khattak RH, Teng L, Mehmood T, Ahmad S, Bari F, Rehman EU, Liu Z. Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation. Sustainability. 2021; 13(19):10793. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910793
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhattak, Romaan Hayat, Liwei Teng, Tahir Mehmood, Shakeel Ahmad, Fathul Bari, Ejaz Ur Rehman, and Zhensheng Liu. 2021. "Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation" Sustainability 13, no. 19: 10793. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910793