Sustainable Development of Students’ Assumed Responsibility for Their Own Learning during Participatory Action Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Prospects of Sustainable Development of Students’ Assumed Responsibility for Their Learning
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Research Context and Participants
3.2. Research Strategy and Design
- Understanding of the context: for this purpose, teachers’ reflections, non-formal conversations with school students were used.
- Enhancement of commitment to school and interested people: when negotiating, a commitment was made to share generalized research results and interactive games with school students identifying their needs.
3.3. Data Analysis
3.4. Quality Assurance
- Real problem oriented to practice (perfection of practice is focused on progress in student learning being ensured by conditions created by a teacher for students to assume responsibility).
- Participation and cooperation of all interested parties (all students and a teacher, i.e., those who will be affected by the results of the research, took part in the investigation). Mutual cooperation proceeded at all stages of the investigation: when identifying the problem, making decisions that will change practice, approving data analysis for all interested parties, etc.
- Use of data sources in several time frames and analysis of conclusions in several time frames increased confidence in reliability of conclusions. (Since it was aimed to deeply perceive the understanding of the problem, it was important to set a strict process of repeated data collection, consideration, and analysis with individuals and groups).
- Clear focus on a reflective process (both at the beginning of a new activity and reflective discussion at the end, keeping of systematic reflective journal ensured orientation of the process toward reflectivity and provided conditions for all participants to learn from experience).
- Critical and self-critical viewpoint (semi-structured reflection sheets, researchers’ memos created conditions to view the process from various angles).
- Provision of all evidences (evidences were presented by using various perspectives: personal opinions and feedback from all participants and interested subjects, various methods, e.g., reflective journals, interview, observation).
- Connections between applied prospects of problem identification and methods of data collection are ensured (perspective of social constructivism is applied directed toward the process of learning ensured possibilities to reveal conditions created by a teacher for a student to assume responsibility for one’s learning).
- Aimed at systematic changes in the following aspects: for oneself (as a teacher, as school students) and others (other teachers can use the research results: when recognizing approaches that proved to be useful in their practice or taking ideas of good practice and re-constructing them in their own practice).
- Seeking internalization of theory and practice (the approach stating that theory and practice are two interdependent and mutually supplementing stages of the process of change was maintained. During the discussion, reflection proceeds on how theory defining conditions for students to assume responsibility for their learning manifests in practice and how practice points out conditional elements that supplement theoretical insights).
- Research ethics is ensured (characterized in greater detail in the next section).
3.5. Research Ethics
- Respect to a person, his/her experience and knowledge brought to the research process;
- Belief in democratic processes ad power of them to achieve positive social changes;
- Commitment to act.
- Anonymity (information on the participants was protected to prevent connect it with specific data. The data was coded);
- Privacy (private information was not made public);
- Confidentiality (obtained information was handled only in ways that were agreed with all interested parties. This is a commitment to respect);
- Justice (all interested parties (teachers, students) who share power and resources take part in the research seeking benefit to all participants. Consent was obtained from parents in compliance with national and institutional requirements.).
- Grounded on guidelines set in advance that directly regard relations with those who participate in research and those who may be affected by the research;
- Ethical approach was applied in all stages of action research to help all interested individuals to make decisions;
- Researchers oriented towards making the research process and result clear and transparent to a broader public.
4. Results
4.1. Conditions for the Students to Assume Responsibility for Their Learning
4.2. Intervening Conditions for Students Assuming Responsibility for Learning
4.2.1. Intervening Condition “Making Students’ Experiences Relevant”
4.2.2. Intervening Condition “Attitude towards Oneself as a Major Resource of Learning”
4.2.3. Intervening Condition “Attitude towards Failure”
4.2.4. Intervening Condition “Learning about Learning”
4.2.5. Intervening Condition “Expectations, Goals of Learning”
4.2.6. Intervening Condition “Clear Criteria”
4.2.7. Intervening Condition “Self-Assessment”
4.2.8. Intervening Condition “Feedback”
5. Discussion and Conclusions
6. Limitations of the Study and Future Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Fragment of Interview | Label (In Vivo) | Subcategory | Category |
---|---|---|---|
“<e.g., Why to sweat if it is possible to adjust. When you suggest something, you remain guilty or are forced to do that job. If you see that others don’t want, you don’t show your initiative>” C-1 | “…to adjust. And I do not show initiative…” | Collegial negotiation | Cooperation |
“in order to solve the occurred problem or situation, one should try to look at that situation in a different way. I started more deeply exploring a student as a person, trying to understand why one learner behaves in one or another way. At work, I started more deeply exploring a student, one’s emotional state, wellbeing, encouraging deeply exploring the self, learn to know the self, recognize occurring problems and search for ways to cope with them.” A-1 | “…to more deeply explore a student as a person… to know the self” | Creation of opportunities to choose |
Values | Developing Partnerships | Constructing Research Question | Planning Action | Collecting Data | Analyzing Data | Member Checking | Going Public |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
caring | x | x | x | x | x | ||
fairness | x | ||||||
commitment | x | x | |||||
collegiality | x | x | |||||
honesty | x | ||||||
inclusiveness | x | ||||||
openness | x |
Category | Subcategory | Illustrating Statements |
---|---|---|
Cooperation | Collegial negotiation | <when they hear my voice, I participate more actively>; <I wish to continue like this—looking at us as having knowledge>; <I see that my ideas, answers on how I feel are cared for>; <I was even surprised when asked my opinion, negotiated for the first time because usually the teacher herself would do everything>; <I feel good when I am asked and I know that they will be glad about my activeness>; <now we exchange opinions, make a joint decision. It is better to learn like this.>; <earlier, a teacher asked to suggest own ideas, and now I often suggest myself>; <I try more to do something when I know that my suggestion is important to all>; <and the result improved a little bit. Perhaps because I could ask many questions. I wanted to answer the questions even more. I didn’t want to do that earlier>; <the teacher writes our suggestions next to her ones, too. She wants that sometimes there were more our suggestions that her. Even though it is hard to work, but I don’t want to be lazy. Because that was my suggestion, after all. How others will treat it.>; <when they listen to my opinion, I try to complete the tasks till the end> |
Creation of opportunities to choose | <initially, I did not like choosing because the work must be done>; <I tried not to choose, waited until I was told to do. Bet we agreed that I will need to try>; <if I have chosen, there is no way back>; <I started being more self-confident when I decide in what way I will complete the task>; <now I understand that I have my own way, what to after what. It does not suit me what suits, for example, my friend>; <when I choose myself, I try more to complete that work. It is funny, but there is no one to blame then>; <sometimes it is difficult to choose what would you want, you search for an easier option. The teacher noticed that I behaved in such a way and started negotiating with me, whether I would like to try solving more complex problems> |
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Kazlauskienė, A.; Gaučaitė, R.; Cañabate, D.; Colomer, J.; Bubnys, R. Sustainable Development of Students’ Assumed Responsibility for Their Own Learning during Participatory Action Research. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10183. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810183
Kazlauskienė A, Gaučaitė R, Cañabate D, Colomer J, Bubnys R. Sustainable Development of Students’ Assumed Responsibility for Their Own Learning during Participatory Action Research. Sustainability. 2021; 13(18):10183. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810183
Chicago/Turabian StyleKazlauskienė, Aušra, Ramutė Gaučaitė, Dolors Cañabate, Jordi Colomer, and Remigijus Bubnys. 2021. "Sustainable Development of Students’ Assumed Responsibility for Their Own Learning during Participatory Action Research" Sustainability 13, no. 18: 10183. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810183