Land Use Sustainability Monitoring: “Trees Outside Forests” in Temperate FAO-Ecozones (Oceanic, Continental, and Mediterranean) in Europe (2000–2015)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
- (i)
- the different tree abundance per plot in the region (increase in TOF areas with 1 to 20 trees per plot and a decrease in TOF areas with 20 to 30 trees per plot; Table 5);
- (ii)
- the different IPCC land-use classes (Table 4):
- (a)
- Trees Outside Forest areas in forests with fewer than 20 trees per plot showed a slight decline versus TOF areas with 20–30 trees per plot, which increased by 2.6%;
- (b)
- Despite the abundance of TOFs in both grasslands and croplands in the temperate FAO-ecozone, these TOF areas decreased from 2000 to 2015;
- (c)
- In contrast, the abundance of TOFs in the settlements in this region increased during the same period.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tree Number Per Plot | Forest | Cropland | Grassland | Settlement |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 271 | 4151 | 2120 | 136 |
1 to 10 | 132 | 380 | 346 | 144 |
11 to 20 | 211 | 133 | 77 | 45 |
21 to 30 | 80 | 25 | 10 | 4 |
More than 30 | 5035 | 368 | 95 | 54 |
Total | 5729 | 5057 | 2648 | 383 |
IPCC Land Use | Plot Count (2000–2014) | Plot % (2000–2014) | Plot Count (2015) | Plot % (2015) | Increase in No. of Plots, CL (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest land | 4607 | 41.29 | 4617 | 41.37 | 0.2 |
Subtotal | 11,159 | 100 | 11,159 | 100 | - |
FRA Land Uses | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperate FAO-Ecozones in Europe | |||||
Tree Number Per Plot | Presence of TOFs | Forest | Other Wooded Land | Other Land with Tree Cover | Other Land |
0 | No | 4 | 66 | 14 | 3288 |
1 to 10 | Yes | 82 | 108 | 363 | 1290 |
11 to 20 | 240 | 70 | 308 | 296 | |
21 to 30 | 167 | 29 | 98 | 69 | |
More than 30 | No | 3585 | 55 | 222 | 143 |
No data | - | 242 | 35 | 53 | 200 |
Total | - | 4320 | 363 | 1058 | 5286 |
Forest Land | Croplands | Grasslands | Settlements | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tree Number Per Plot | TOFs Presence | From 2000 | To 2015 | Increase in No. of Plots % | From 2000 | To 2015 | Increase in No. of Plots % | From 2000 | To 2015 | Increase in No. of Plots % | From 2000 | To 2015 | Increase in No. of Plots % |
0 | No | 57 | 47 | −17.5 | 2500 | 2492 | −0.3 | 583 | 571 | −2.1 | 2 | 95 | 4650.0 |
1 to 10 | Yes | 144 | 134 | −6.9 | 851 | 846 | −0.6 | 482 | 483 | 0.2 | 149 | 359 | 140.9 |
11 to 20 | 306 | 305 | −0.3 | 267 | 264 | −1.1 | 129 | 124 | −3.9 | 71 | 220 | 209.9 | |
21 to 30 | 190 | 195 | 2.6 | 81 | 80 | −1.2 | 40 | 25 | −37.5 | 345 | 61 | −82.3 | |
More than 30 | No | 3639 | 3667 | 0.8 | 237 | 227 | −4.2 | 38 | 34 | −10.5 | 209 | 77 | −63.2 |
No data | 271 | 269 | - | 122 | 121 | - | 89 | 86 | - | 19 | 38 | - | |
Total | 4607 | 4617 | 4058 | 4030 | 1361 | 1323 | 795 | 850 |
Increase in % of No. of Plots in the Temperate FAO-Ecozones in EU | ||
---|---|---|
Tree Number Per Plot | Average | Std. Deviation |
0 | 1157.5 | 2328.3 |
1 to 10 | 33.4 | 71.8 |
11 to 20 | 51.1 | 105.8 |
21 to 30 | −29.6 | 39.5 |
More than 30 | −19.3 | 29.6 |
Total | 946.7 | 3282.8 |
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García-Montero, L.G.; Pascual, C.; Sanchez-Paus Díaz, A.; Martín-Fernández, S.; Martín-Ortega, P.; García-Robredo, F.; Calderón-Guerrero, C.; Patriarca, C.; Mollicone, D. Land Use Sustainability Monitoring: “Trees Outside Forests” in Temperate FAO-Ecozones (Oceanic, Continental, and Mediterranean) in Europe (2000–2015). Sustainability 2021, 13, 10175. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810175
García-Montero LG, Pascual C, Sanchez-Paus Díaz A, Martín-Fernández S, Martín-Ortega P, García-Robredo F, Calderón-Guerrero C, Patriarca C, Mollicone D. Land Use Sustainability Monitoring: “Trees Outside Forests” in Temperate FAO-Ecozones (Oceanic, Continental, and Mediterranean) in Europe (2000–2015). Sustainability. 2021; 13(18):10175. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810175
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Montero, Luis G., Cristina Pascual, Alfonso Sanchez-Paus Díaz, Susana Martín-Fernández, Pablo Martín-Ortega, Fernando García-Robredo, Carlos Calderón-Guerrero, Chiara Patriarca, and Danilo Mollicone. 2021. "Land Use Sustainability Monitoring: “Trees Outside Forests” in Temperate FAO-Ecozones (Oceanic, Continental, and Mediterranean) in Europe (2000–2015)" Sustainability 13, no. 18: 10175. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810175