Effect of Phytoremediated Port Sediment as an Agricultural Medium for Pomegranate Cultivation: Mobility of Contaminants in the Plant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Properties of the Dredged Remediated Sediment
2.2. Plant Material and Experimental Design
2.3. Hydric Monitoring and Drainage Characterisation
2.4. Plant Samples and Pollutant Determination
2.4.1. Mineral Ions’ Determination
2.4.2. Metal Ions’ Content
2.4.3. Pesticide Residues in Plant Material
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Irrigation and Drainage Monitoring
3.2. Plant Pot Drainage Characterisation
3.3. Ions’ Content and Pesticide Residues’ Determinations in Non-Edible Plant Material
3.4. Ions’ Content and Pesticide Residues’ Determinations in Pomegranate Fruits
4. Multivariate Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | (mg L−1) | |
2016 | 2017 | |
Sodium (Na+) | 197 | 119 |
Potassium (K+) | 412 | 266 |
Calcium (Ca2+) | 286 | 152 |
Magnesium (Mg2+) | 78.8 | 44.5 |
Boron (B3+) | 1.53 | 0.784 |
Chlorides (Cl−) | 304 | 215 |
Sulphates (SO42−) | 418 | 400 |
Carbonates (CO32−) | <5.00 | <5.00 |
Bicarbonates (HCO3−) | 268 | 168 |
Nitrates (NO3−) | 909 | 269 |
Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+) | <0.100 | 0.331 |
Phosphates (H2PO4−) | 39.2 | 28.4 |
Element | (μg L−1) | |
2016 | 2017 | |
Manganese (Mn) | 197 | 119 |
Iron (Fe) | 412 | 266 |
Zinc (Zn) | 670 | 660 |
Copper (Cu) | 183 | 131 |
Molybdenum (Mo) | 1.53 | 0.784 |
(μg L−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metal Ion | 2016 | 2017 | MPL | Fraction 2016 | Fraction 2017 |
Cadmium (Cd) | 17.2 | 11 | 500 | 0.0344 | 0.0220 |
Chromium (Cr) | <10.0 | <10.0 | 500 | 0.0200 | 0.0200 |
Nickel (Ni) | 41 | 16.5 | 10,000 | 0.0041 | 0.00165 |
Mercury (Hg) | <0.20 | 1.83 | 100 | 0.0020 | 0.0183 |
Lead (Pb) | 7.71 | 2.58 | 500 | 0.01542 | 0.00516 |
Copper (Cu) | 183 | 131 | 10,000 | 0.0183 | 0.0131 |
Zinc (Zn) | 670 | 660 | 20,000 | 0.0330 | 0.0335 |
Σ total | 0.12722 | 0.09371 | |||
MPL | 3 | 3 |
(µg L−1) | ||
---|---|---|
Pesticide Residues | 2016 | 2017 |
Acetochlor | 10 | ND |
Anthraquinone | 0.13 | ND |
Simazine | 0.23 | ND |
Acenaphthylene | ND | 0.025 |
Phenanthrene | ND | 0.060 |
Fluorene | ND | 0.022 |
Total amount | 10.36 | 0.107 |
MPL | 50 | 50 |
Leaf 2016 | Leaf 2017 | Stem 2017 | Root 2017 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Element | PT | PT-DRS | DRS | PT | PT-DRS | DRS | PT | PT-DRS | DRS | PT | PT-DRS | DRS |
Manganese (Mn) | 53.7 a | <20.0 b | <20.0 b | 23.1 a | 30.1 ab | 47.4 b | <20.0 | <20.0 | <20.0 | 35.0 a | 60.6 b | 138 c |
Iron (Fe) | 101 a | 105 a | 101 a | 125 a | 145 ab | 180 b | 38.9 a | 47.9 a | 38.7 a | 75.4 a | 1350 b | 3350 c |
Zinc (Zn) | 24.0 a | 31.2 ab | 38.6 b | 36.6 a | 38.0 ab | 57.3 b | 31.7 a | 56.8 b | 124 c | 32.9 a | 47.4 a | 112 b |
Copper (Cu) | <2.50 a | 4.04 b | 6.78 c | <2.50 a | 4.78 b | 8.09 c | <2.50 a | 4.82 b | 4.54 b | 2.93 a | 10.7 b | 27.1 c |
Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.179 a | 0.464 b | 1.14 c | 0.465 a | 0.866 b | 1.14 b | 0.108 a | 0.292 b | 0.327 b | 2.00 a | 4.03 b | 7.69 c |
Lead (Pb) | 0.226 a | 0.224 a | 0.225 a | 0.329 a | 0.424 a | 0.470 a | 0.133 a | 0.176 a | 0.181 a | 0.333 a | 3.820 b | 6.880 c |
Cadmium (Cd) | 0.0916 a | 0.166 a | 0.334 b | <0.0500 | <0.0500 | 0.0634 | <0.0500 a | 0.104 b | 0.0692 b | <0.0500 a | 0.378 b | 0.679 c |
Nickel (Ni) | 0.232 a | 0.335 ab | 0.469 d | 0.368 a | 0.597 ab | 0.647 b | 0.373 a | 0.434 a | 0.721 b | 0.592 a | 5.500 b | 8.790 c |
Chromium (Cr) | 0.241 a | 0.318 a | 0.283 a | 0.501 a | 0.558 a | 0.898 b | 0.456 a | 0.509 a | 1.16 b | 0.518 a | 10.6 b | 13.4 c |
Mercury (Hg) | 0.0362 a | 0.0287 a | 0.0278 a | 0.0263 a | 0.0353 a | 0.0309 a | <0.0100 | <0.0100 | <0.0100 | <0.0100 | 0.0189 | 0.0554 |
Cobalt (Co) | <0.200 | <0.200 | <0.200 | <0.200 | <0.200 | <0.200 | <0.200 | <0.200 | <0.200 | <0.200 a | 0.704 b | 1.81 c |
Antimony (Sb) | 0.0253 a | 0.0173 a | 0.0211 a | <0.0500 | <0.0500 | <0.0500 | <0.0500 | <0.0500 | <0.0500 | <0.0500 a | 0.0774 b | 0.205 c |
Arsenic (As) | 0.0922 a | 0.202 b | 0.207 b | 0.0662 a | 0.252 b | 0.284 b | 0.0227 a | 0.0536 b | 0.0645 b | 0.0613 a | 0.58 b | 1.91 c |
Selenium (Se) | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 a | 0.143 b | 0.363 c |
Aluminum (Al) | 107 a | 112 a | 101 a | 119 a | 220 b | 173 ab | 49.0 a | 50.7 a | 122 b | 82.9 a | 1830 b | 4710 c |
Beryllium (Be) | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 a | 0.0476 b | 0.197 c |
Tin (Sn) | 0.0522 a | 0.0596 a | 0.109 b | 0.451 a | 0.340 a | 0.405 a | 0.255 a | 0.265 a | 0.288 a | 0.349 a | 0.468 ab | 0.734 b |
Strontium (Sr) | 63.1 a | 61.6 a | 68.5 a | 58.2 a | 55.8 a | 48.0 a | 35.4 a | 39.4 a | 52.2 a | 74.2 a | 91.4 ab | 139 b |
Silver (Ag) | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 | <0.100 |
Thallium (Tl) | <0.0200 a | 0.0288 a | 0.056 b | <0.0200 | 0.0216 | 0.0378 | <0.0200 | 0.0226 | 0.0369 | <0.0200 a | 0.043 b | 0.0941 c |
Vanadium (V) | <0.200 | <0.200 | <0.200 | 0.245 a | 0.444 b | 0.341 ab | <0.200 | 0.212 | <0.200 | 0.406 a | 5.33 b | 13.0 c |
Seeds | Peel (Rind + Carpellary Membranes) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Element | PT | PT-DRS | DRS | PT | PT-DRS | DRS |
Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.06 a | 0.07 a | 0.08 a | 0.06 a | 0.07 a | 0.07 a |
Tin (Sn) | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 |
Cobalt (Co) | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | < 0.05 |
Antimony (Sb) | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 |
Arsenic (As) | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 |
Beryllium (Be) | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 |
Strontium (Sr) | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 1.13 | 0.97 | <0.50 |
Total Iron (Fe) | 8.05 a | 3.39 b | 4.17 b | 2.87 a | 2.94 a | 3.01 a |
Total Manganese (Mn) | <2.00 | <2.00 | <2.00 | <2.00 | <2.00 | <2.00 |
Silver (Ag) | <0.02 | <0.025 | <0.02 | <0.025 | <0.02 | <0.02 |
Thallium (Tl) | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 |
Vanadium (V) | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 |
Selenium (Se) | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 |
Aluminum (Al) | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 |
Total copper (Cu) | <0.5 a | 0.93 b | 1.59 c | <0.50 a | 0.63 b | 1.23 c |
Total Zinc (Zn) | 3.43 a | 3.22 a | 5.58 b | 3.40 a | 3.18 a | 3.35 a |
Lead (Pb) | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 |
Cadmium (Cd) | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 |
Nickel (Ni) | <0.10 | 0.21 | <0.10 | 0.33 | 0.29 | <0.10 |
Chromium (Cr) | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 |
Mercury (Hg) | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 |
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Martínez-Nicolás, J.J.; Legua, P.; Hernández, F.; Martínez-Font, R.; Giordani, E.; Melgarejo, P. Effect of Phytoremediated Port Sediment as an Agricultural Medium for Pomegranate Cultivation: Mobility of Contaminants in the Plant. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9661. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179661
Martínez-Nicolás JJ, Legua P, Hernández F, Martínez-Font R, Giordani E, Melgarejo P. Effect of Phytoremediated Port Sediment as an Agricultural Medium for Pomegranate Cultivation: Mobility of Contaminants in the Plant. Sustainability. 2021; 13(17):9661. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179661
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-Nicolás, Juan José, Pilar Legua, Francisca Hernández, Rafael Martínez-Font, Edgardo Giordani, and Pablo Melgarejo. 2021. "Effect of Phytoremediated Port Sediment as an Agricultural Medium for Pomegranate Cultivation: Mobility of Contaminants in the Plant" Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9661. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179661