Household Food Consumption and Wastage during the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak: A Comparison between Peru and Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Framework
2.1. Pre-Shopping Process
2.2. In-Store Shopping Behavior
2.3. Food and Waste Management at Home
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Collection
3.2. Questionnaire
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Respondents
4.2. Behavior Comparisons during the COVID-19 Quarantine
4.3. Relationship between Grocery Shopping Behavior and Food Wastage in Peru and Brazil
- Intention to reduce food wastage. H1: The intention to reduce food wastage in households is positively related to lower economic values of food waste. H1 was confirmed for both countries at a p-value of 0.000.
- Food purchase planning routines. Hypothesis H2: Proper grocery shopping planning routines lowers the economic values of food waste for households. H2 was not confirmed either for Peru (p-value = 0.091) or Brazil (p-value = 0.418) [43].
- Routines for planning the purchase of food on sale. Hypothesis H3: Shopping routines for on-sale food items are positively related to reducing the economic value of food waste for households. H3 was not confirmed for Peru (p-value = 0.851), but it was confirmed for Brazil (p-value = 0.039) [43].
- Knowledge of labeling. Hypothesis H4: Proper understanding of food label information will reduce the economic value of food waste for households. H4 was not confirmed either for Peru (p-value = 0.726) or Brazil (p-value = 0.180) [43].
- Routines for handling leftovers and uneaten food. Hypothesis H5: Leftover or uneaten food management is positively related to reducing the monetary value of food waste for household. H5 was confirmed for both countries at a p-value of 0.000 [43].
- Activities to avoid food waste. Hypothesis H6: Taking actions to prevent food wastage positively reduces the economic value of food waste for households. H6 was confirmed for both countries at a p-value of 0.230 [43].
4.4. Hypothesis Testing Regarding the Differences between Peru and Brazil
- Intention to reduce wastage, H7. Sufficient evidence was provided to support H7 Hence, we assumed that there are differences in the intentions to reduce wastage between the two countries.
- Proper grocery shopping planning routines, H8. Insufficient evidence was provided to support H8. Therefore, it can be stated that there are important routine planning similarities between the two countries.
- Shopping routines for on-sale food items, H9. Insufficient evidence was provided to support H9. Therefore, it can be stated that there are important similarities in the attraction for food items on sale between the two countries.
- Understanding food labels, H10. Insufficient evidence was provided to support H10. Therefore, it can be stated that there are important similarities in the understanding of food labels between the two countries.
- Leftover and uneaten food management routines, H11. Sufficient evidence was provided to support H11. Hence, we assumed that there are differences in how uneaten food and leftovers are managed between the two countries.
- Actions for preventing food wastage at home, H12. Sufficient evidence was provided to support H12. Hence, we assumed that there are differences in actions for preventing food wastage at home between the two countries.
- Average food expenses, H13. Insufficient evidence was provided to support H13. Hence, we assumed that average food expenses are similar in both countries.
5. Discussion
5.1. Comparisons between Sociodemographic Factors of Peru and Brazil
5.2. Behavior Comparisons during the COVID-19 Quarantine
5.3. Analysis of the Similarities and Differences between Peru and Brazil
5.4. Research Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Characteristics | Peru (n = 418) % of Responses | Brazil * (n = 458) % of Responses | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 73.0 | 84.9 |
Male | 27.0 | 14.8 | |
Age | 20–30 years old | 15.8 | 16.8 |
31–40 years old | 34.0 | 24.0 | |
41–50 years old | 24.9 | 22.3 | |
51–60 years old | 18.9 | 25.5 | |
>60 years old | 6.5 | 11.4 | |
Education | Elementary | 0.0 | 0.2 |
Secondary | 2.4 | 5.9 | |
Technical | 16.7 | 5.9 | |
Higher education | 55.0 | 55.9 | |
Masters | 22.2 | 17.2 | |
Ph.D. | 3.6 | 14.8 | |
Current occupation | Work as a full-time employee | 39.2 | 38.4 |
Work as a freelancer | 19.1 | 16.2 | |
Work in your own company | 12.9 | 8.1 | |
Work at home | 10.8 | 3.1 | |
Work as a part-time employee | 7.2 | 0 | |
Unemployed | 6.0 | 9.4 | |
Retired/pensioner | 2.6 | 15.1 | |
Student | 2.2 | 9.8 |
Grocery Shopping | Always Plan | Sometimes Plan | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Peru | Brazil | Peru | Brazil | |
Using a shopping list | 57.9% | 51.9% | 39.0% | 44.0% |
During the quarantine period, how have you bought your groceries? | ||||
At stores | 74.4% | 79.3% | 83.7% | 82.5% |
Home delivery | 25.6% | 20.7% | 16.3% | 17.5% |
During the quarantine period, which has been your preferred method of payment when buying groceries? | ||||
Cash | 32.2% | 7.7% | 30.5% | 8.4% |
Debit card | 29.3% | 44.6% | 34.0% | 44.0% |
Credit card | 26.4% | 43.9% | 27.7% | 45.8% |
During the quarantine period, regarding the groceries you bought: | ||||
All the food was consumed; nothing was wasted | 67.0% | 54.0% | 56.0% | 49.4% |
Part of the food was wasted | 31.5% | 45.6% | 41.8% | 50.0% |
During the quarantine, why have you had to throw away food? | ||||
Cooking in excess | 27,1% | 13.0% | 24.8% | 19.3% |
Food has been sitting in the refrigerator for too long | 17,2% | 22.5% | 22.0% | 19.3% |
Bad smell, appearance, or taste of food | 7.3% | 7.4% | 6.4% | 7.8% |
Improperly stored food | 5.5% | 2.1% | 7.8% | 7.8% |
Model: Dependent Variable = Economic Value of Waste | Hypothesis | Peru | Brazil ** | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient β | Statistic t | p-Value | Coefficient β | Statistic t | p-Value | ||
Constant | −1.613 | −0.500 | 0.618 | −2.364 | −1.156 | 0.248 | |
Intention to reduce food waste | WL1 | 0.773 | 29.026 | 0.000 * | 0.822 | 36.030 | 0.000 * |
Food purchase planning routines | WL2 | −1.407 | −1.695 | 0.091 | −0.338 | −0.810 | 0.418 |
Shopping routines for on-sale food items | H3 | 0.031 | 0.187 | 0.851 | −0.975 | −2.075 | 0.039 * |
Understanding food labels | H4 | −0.470 | −0.726 | 0.468 | −0.496 | −1.343 | 0.180 |
Leftover and uneaten food Management routines | H5 | 3.026 | 7.657 | 0.000 * | 2.328 | 8.273 | 0.000 * |
Food waste prevention activities | H6 | −1.040 | −1.202 | 0.230 | −0.254 | −0.372 | 0.710 |
R2 adjusted | 0.785 | 0.850 | |||||
F | 254.800 | 425.883 | |||||
Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
N | 418 | 458 |
Variables Considered | Hypothesis | p-Value | Decision |
---|---|---|---|
Intention to reduce waste | H7 | 0.000 * | H0 is rejected |
Food purchase planning routines | H8 | 0.319 | H0 is not rejected |
Shopping routines for on-sale food items | H9 | 0.830 | H0 is not rejected |
Understanding food labels | H10 | 0.531 | H0 is not rejected |
Leftover and uneaten food management routines | H11 | 0.000 * | H0 is rejected |
Food wastage prevention activities | H12 | 0.000 * | H0 is rejected |
Average food expenses | H13 | 0.306 | H0 is not rejected |
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Cequea, M.M.; Vásquez Neyra, J.M.; Schmitt, V.G.H.; Ferasso, M. Household Food Consumption and Wastage during the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak: A Comparison between Peru and Brazil. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7583. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147583
Cequea MM, Vásquez Neyra JM, Schmitt VGH, Ferasso M. Household Food Consumption and Wastage during the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak: A Comparison between Peru and Brazil. Sustainability. 2021; 13(14):7583. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147583
Chicago/Turabian StyleCequea, Mirza Marvel, Jessika Milagros Vásquez Neyra, Valentina Gomes Haensel Schmitt, and Marcos Ferasso. 2021. "Household Food Consumption and Wastage during the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak: A Comparison between Peru and Brazil" Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7583. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147583