Analysis of Drivers’ Eye Movements on Roundabouts: A Driving Simulator Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Eye Movement and Distracted Driving
2. Methodology
2.1. Driving Simulator
2.2. Eye Tracker
2.3. Participants
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
Between-Group Comparison of Eye Parameters in Roundabouts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Paper | Road Type | Driving Performance Parameters | Eye’s Behavior Parameters |
---|---|---|---|
Strayer et al. [20] | Multilane highway | Driving speed; following distance; brake onset time | N/A |
Yan et al. [21] | Urban road | Brake reaction time; driving speed fluctuation; car-following distance undulation; car-following time | N/A |
Choudhary and Velaga [19] | Rural highway | Speed; variation in longitudinal acceleration; steering reversal rate; standard deviation of lane positioning | N/A |
Pawar and Patil [27] | Stop-controlled intersections in four-lane undivided major road | Response time; deceleration rate; average speed while approaching intersection and at the intersection | N/A |
Jin et al. [32] | Urban highway | Mean/std of throttle opening value; mean/std of steering wheel angle; std of vertical acceleration; mean/std of longitudinal velocity; mean/std of lateral acceleration | Mean/std of saccadic velocity; mean/std of blink frequency; mean/std of peak saccadic velocity; mean/std of blink duration |
Papantoniou, P. [23] | Rural and urban routes | Speed; lateral position; direction; average brake; average gear; motor revolution; space headway; time to headway; time to line crossing; reaction time | N/A |
Li et al. [25] | Signalized and unsignalized intersections | N/A | Glance frequency; glance duration |
Li et al. [26] | Intersections | Approaching speed; reaction distance; maximum deceleration/acceleration; waiting time; gap acceptance | N/A |
Liu and Ou [22] | Highway | Response time; the response accuracy; mean and variance of speed (m/s); standard deviation of lateral acceleration (m/s2); standard deviation in longitudinal acceleration (m/s2); lateral lane position | N/A |
Haque et al. [30] | Single-lane roundabouts | Reaction distance; initial speed; time to reduce initial speed to the minimum value; gap selection; post-encroachment time; time taken to cross the roundabout; time to recover speed | N/A |
Location | p-Values | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front Mirror | Windshield | Driver-Side Mirror | Driver-Side Window | Passenger-Side Mirror | Passenger-Side Window | |
No. 1 | 0.0005 | 0.020 | 0.005 | 0.030 | 0.034 | 0.003 |
No. 2 | 0.030 | 0.040 | 0.009 | 0.014 | 0.253 | 0.049 |
No. 3 | 0.080 | 0.050 | 0.085 | 0.077 | 0.0694 | 0.026 |
No. 4 | 0.469 | 0.425 | 0.087 | 0.623 | 0.856 | 0.593 |
No. 5 | 0.037 | 0.006 | 0.088 | 0.226 | 0.937 | 0.735 |
Inside Roundabouts | 0.0003 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.202 | 0.012 |
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Azimian, A.; Catalina Ortega, C.A.; Espinosa, J.M.; Mariscal, M.Á.; García-Herrero, S. Analysis of Drivers’ Eye Movements on Roundabouts: A Driving Simulator Study. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7463. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137463
Azimian A, Catalina Ortega CA, Espinosa JM, Mariscal MÁ, García-Herrero S. Analysis of Drivers’ Eye Movements on Roundabouts: A Driving Simulator Study. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7463. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137463
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzimian, Amin, Carlos Alberto Catalina Ortega, Juan Maria Espinosa, Miguel Ángel Mariscal, and Susana García-Herrero. 2021. "Analysis of Drivers’ Eye Movements on Roundabouts: A Driving Simulator Study" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7463. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137463