Strengthening Universal Jurisdiction for Maritime Piracy Trials to Enhance a Sustainable Anti-Piracy Legal System for Community Interests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Necessity of Strengthening Universal Jurisdiction over Piracy to Enhance a Sustainable Anti-Piracy Legal System
2.1. The Threat of Pirate Attacks Has Increased Significantly Since UNCLOS Was Formulated
2.2. The Number of Piracy Incidents Fluctuates in General, Often with Dramatic Changes
2.3. The Number of Piracy Incidents in Seas Beyond Territorial Waters Is Considerable
3. New Trends in the Use of Universal Jurisdiction over Piracy
3.1. Separation of Seizing, Prosecuting, and Imprisoning States
3.2. Consideration of Creative Piracy Prosecution Mechanisms
3.3. Increased Focus on Land-Based Facilitation of Piracy
3.4. Enhanced International Cooperation
3.5. Expanded Universal Jurisdiction
3.6. Newly Involved Private Sector
4. Main Challenges in Exercising Universal Jurisdiction over Piracy
4.1. Weaknesses in UNCLOS
4.2. Disharmony among International Instruments
4.3. Defects of Domestic Piracy Legislation
5. Balanced Relationships to Be Sought in Strengthening Universal Jurisdiction over Piracy to Enhance a Sustainable Anti-Piracy Legal System
5.1. Balance between Benefits and Costs
5.2. Balance between Right and Obligation
5.3. Balance between Innovation and Stability
6. Approaches to Strengthening the Application of Universal Jurisdiction over Piracy to Enhance a Sustainable Anti-Piracy Legal System
6.1. Take Advantage of Both Hard Law and Soft Law
6.2. Adjust the Basic Provisions of Universal Jurisdiction
6.3. Refine Relevant Measures in Exercising Universal Jurisdiction over Piracy
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Date | Development | Details |
---|---|---|
1958 | Convention on the High Seas (HSC) |
|
1982 | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) |
|
1988 | Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA) |
|
2004 | Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) |
|
2008 | Memorandum of Understanding on the Establishment of a Sub-regional Integrated Coast Guard Network In West and Central Africa (MOWCA MOU) |
|
2008–2018 | United Nations Security Council Resolutions on Somali Piracy |
|
2009 | Djibouti Code of Conduct concerning the Repression of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden (DCoC) |
|
2013 | Code of Conduct concerning the Repression of Piracy, Armed Robbery against Ships, and Illicit Maritime Activity in West and central Africa (Yaoundé Code of Conduct) |
|
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Year | Number of Incidents in International Waters | Total Number of Incidents | Proportion of Incidents in International Waters Out of the Total |
---|---|---|---|
2008 | 154 | 306 | 50% |
2009 | 250 | 406 | 62% |
2010 | 294 | 489 | 60% |
2011 | 330 | 544 | 61% |
2012 | 125 | 341 | 37% |
2013 | 66 | 298 | 22% |
2014 | 82 | 291 | 28% |
2015 | 36 | 303 | 12% |
2016 | 58 | 221 | 26% |
2017 | 52 | 203 | 26% |
2018 | 50 | 223 | 22% |
2019 | 34 | 193 | 18% |
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Jin, J.; Techera, E. Strengthening Universal Jurisdiction for Maritime Piracy Trials to Enhance a Sustainable Anti-Piracy Legal System for Community Interests. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137268
Jin J, Techera E. Strengthening Universal Jurisdiction for Maritime Piracy Trials to Enhance a Sustainable Anti-Piracy Legal System for Community Interests. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137268
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Jing, and Erika Techera. 2021. "Strengthening Universal Jurisdiction for Maritime Piracy Trials to Enhance a Sustainable Anti-Piracy Legal System for Community Interests" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137268
APA StyleJin, J., & Techera, E. (2021). Strengthening Universal Jurisdiction for Maritime Piracy Trials to Enhance a Sustainable Anti-Piracy Legal System for Community Interests. Sustainability, 13(13), 7268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137268