Modeling the Factors Enhancing the Implementation of Green Procurement in the Pakistani Construction Industry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Data Collection and Analysis Methods
3.2. Survey Statistics and Demography of the Respondents
3.3. Categorization of the Factors
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Assessment of Measurement Model
4.2. Assessment of Structural Model
4.3. Assessment of Overall Model
5. Conclusions
6. Practical Implication and Contribution
7. Limitations and Future Studies
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Factors | Source |
---|---|---|
1. | Government and non-government organization’s demand. (e.g., green label scheme) | [5,16,18] |
2. | Environmental regulation made obligatory by Government | [16,18,22,30,39] |
3. | Formation of standards (e.g., evaluation criteria, green specification, suppliers’ ISO 14000 certification) | [5,14,16,18,22,30,39] |
4. | Requirements of the client in the tender | [16,18,22,30] |
5. | Stakeholders’ mutual understanding between themselves on green procurement | [5,18,30] |
6. | Stakeholders’ mutual commitment between themselves on green procurement | [4,14,18,22,30,39] |
7. | Compliance, monitoring and audit on suppliers | [18,22] |
8. | Cooperation with stakeholders regarding the environment | [5,16,18,30,39] |
9. | Corporate environmental vision | [14,16,18,22,30] |
10. | Commitments by Executive management | [14,18,22,30,39] |
11. | Mid-level managers’ support | [14,18,22] |
12. | Business benefits understood properly | [14,18,22] |
13. | Staff training/green procurement program and sustainability policy by organization | [5,14,16,18,30,39] |
14. | Key staff’s incentive programs and implementation of green procurement goal to the job description | [16,18,22,39] |
15. | Availability of sustainability expertise and dedicated resources to support green procurement and decision making | [5,14,18,30,39] |
16. | Coordination within the department. (e.g., sustainability expertise and procurement staff) | [5,14,18,22,39] |
17. | System of continuous review, monitoring and tracking | [5,18] |
18. | International trends (e.g., customer awareness) | [5,14,16,18,22,30] |
19. | Strategies adopted by competitors | [16,18,22] |
20. | Strategies adopted by affiliated companies | [18] |
21. | Strategies adopted by other progressive companies. (within or outside your sector) | [16,18,39] |
22. | Schemes adopted by government (e.g., Housing Authority) | [5,16,18,30,39] |
23. | Green product’s information should be available from a reliable database | [18,30,39] |
24. | According to specifications, potential information from suppliers should be adopted carefully | [5,18,22,30] |
25. | Demands of green characteristics for performance-based specification should be clear | [16,18,39] |
26. | Green technology for construction purpose should be available | [5,14,18,22,30] |
27. | Project’s adequate life cycle should be considered | [5,18] |
28. | Selection of materials according to their recyclability | [14,18,22,30] |
29. | Selection of materials according to their low risks to the environment | [5,18,22,30,39] |
30. | For assessment of building’s green performance, facilities of cross-reference should be available (e.g., BEAM-Plus) | [16,18] |
31. | Model clauses of green specifications should be available | [14,16,18] |
32. | Green procedures or practices should be adopted. (e.g., waste management) | [5,14,18,22,30,39] |
33. | Product’s design according to its less consumption of material or energy | [14,16,18,22,30] |
34. | Designing products from recycled or reused material | [14,18,22,30] |
Description | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Academic Qualification | ||
Bachelor of Engineering (B.E) | 45 | 58.4 |
Diploma | 12 | 15.6 |
Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) | 1 | 1.3 |
Master of Philosophy (M.Phil) | 1 | 1.3 |
Master of Engineering (ME) | 18 | 23.4 |
Size of Projects | ||
Above 10 Million Rupees | 71 | 92.2 |
Less than 10 Million Rupees | 6 | 7.8 |
Experience | ||
Less than 10 years | 35 | 45.46 |
10 to 20 Years | 23 | 29.87 |
Above 20 Years | 19 | 24.67 |
Working Position | ||
Managerial Level | 23 | 29.87 |
Engineering Level | 31 | 40.26 |
Planners | 8 | 10.39 |
Directors | 15 | 19.48 |
Variables | Component | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Formation of standards (e.g., evaluation criteria, green specification, suppliers’ ISO 14000 certification) | 0.789 | 0.134 | 0.041 | 0.112 | −0.021 |
Requirements of the client in tender | 0.777 | 0.113 | −0.063 | 0.309 | 0.088 |
Government and non-government organization’s demand (e.g., green label scheme) | 0.706 | 0.051 | 0.369 | 0.055 | 0.334 |
Green procedures or practices should be adopted (e.g., waste management) | 0.696 | 0.375 | 0.229 | 0.028 | 0.152 |
Designing products for recycling, reuse, component parts and recovery of material | 0.664 | 0.494 | 0.115 | −0.055 | 0.256 |
Stakeholders’ mutual understanding between themselves on green procurement | 0.647 | 0.188 | 0.334 | 0.277 | 0.136 |
Environmental regulation made obligatory by Government | 0.589 | −0.006 | 0.365 | 0.365 | 0.117 |
Stakeholders’ mutual commitment between themselves on green procurement | 0.558 | 0.193 | 0.331 | 0.003 | 0.448 |
Products being designed to alleviate or lower the environmental during construction | 0.383 | 0.726 | 0.044 | 0.125 | 0.099 |
Mid-level managers’ support | 0.260 | 0.650 | −0.118 | 0.367 | 0.118 |
Green product’s information should be available from reliable database | 0.072 | 0.615 | 0.120 | 0.615 | 0.326 |
Business benefits understood properly | 0.225 | 0.527 | 0.286 | 0.398 | −0.051 |
Selection of materials according to their recyclability | 0.177 | 0.510 | 0.187 | 0.287 | 0.262 |
Demands of green characteristics for performance-based specification should be clear | 0.289 | 0.505 | 0.361 | 0.197 | 0.219 |
Staff training/green procurement program and sustainability policy by organization | 0.322 | 0.474 | 0.146 | 0.167 | 0.226 |
Project’s adequate life cycle should be considered | 0.107 | 0.179 | 0.743 | 0.230 | 0.185 |
Corporate environmental vision | 0.383 | 0.168 | 0.680 | 0.180 | 0.196 |
Green technology for construction purpose should be available | 0.134 | 0.358 | 0.678 | 0.314 | 0.087 |
Cooperation with stakeholders regarding the environment | 0.213 | 0.262 | 0.553 | 0.162 | 0.551 |
According to specifications potential information from suppliers should be adopted carefully | 0.076 | 0.242 | 0.532 | 0.354 | 0.258 |
Coordination within department (e.g., sustainability expertise and procurement staff) | 0.236 | 0.353 | 0.530 | 0.202 | 0.139 |
Commitments by Executive management | 0.455 | −0.021 | 0.519 | 0.270 | 0.327 |
Compliance, monitoring and audit on suppliers | 0.356 | 0.138 | 0.028 | 0.825 | 0.072 |
For assessment of building’s green performance, facilities of cross-reference should be available (e.g., BEAM-Plus) | 0.242 | 0.222 | 0.412 | 0.722 | 0.084 |
Model clauses of green specifications should be available | 0.068 | 0.115 | 0.214 | 0.708 | 0.227 |
Key staff’s incentive programs and implementation of green procurement goal to job description | 0.130 | 0.255 | 0.111 | 0.702 | 0.090 |
System of continuous review, monitoring and tracking | 0.010 | 0.145 | 0.221 | 0.513 | 0.194 |
Availability of sustainability expertise and dedicated resources to support green procurement and decision making | 0.404 | 0.342 | 0.377 | 0.439 | 0.257 |
Schemes adopted by government (e.g., Housing Authority) | 0.147 | 0.053 | 0.141 | 0.298 | 0.800 |
International trends (e.g., customer awareness) | 0.319 | 0.122 | 0.340 | 0.113 | 0.657 |
Strategies adopted by other progressive companies (within or outside your sector) | 0.344 | 0.278 | 0.144 | 0.186 | 0.619 |
Selection of materials according to their low risks to the environment | 0.104 | 0.474 | 0.193 | −0.119 | 0.617 |
Strategies adopted by affiliated companies | 0.117 | 0.483 | 0.187 | 0.305 | 0.616 |
Strategies adopted by competitors | 0.099 | 0.288 | 0.428 | 0.187 | 0.549 |
Product’s design according to its less consumption of material or energy | 0.416 | 0.268 | 0.275 | 0.238 | 0.516 |
Construct | Factor Code | Factor Loading |
---|---|---|
Government Policies and Stakeholder Commitment (GPSC) | GP01 | 0.789 |
GP02 | 0.777 | |
GP03 | 0.706 | |
GP04 | 0.696 | |
GP05 | 0.664 | |
GP06 | 0.647 | |
GP07 | 0.589 | |
GP08 | 0.558 | |
Organizational Support and Knowledge (OSK) | OSK01 | 0.726 |
OSK02 | 0.65 | |
OSK03 | 0.615 | |
OSK04 | 0.527 | |
OSK05 | 0.51 | |
OSK06 | 0.505 | |
Corporate factors (CP) | CP01 | 0.743 |
CP02 | 0.68 | |
CP03 | 0.678 | |
CP04 | 0.553 | |
CP05 | 0.532 | |
CP06 | 0.53 | |
CP07 | 0.519 | |
Industry Awareness (IA) | IA01 | 0.825 |
IA02 | 0.722 | |
IA03 | 0.708 | |
IA04 | 0.702 | |
IA05 | 0.513 | |
Market factors and Techniques (MFT) | MFT01 | 0.8 |
MFT02 | 0.657 | |
MFT03 | 0.619 | |
MFT04 | 0.617 | |
MFT05 | 0.616 | |
MFT06 | 0.549 | |
MFT07 | 0.516 |
Constructs | Cronbach’s Alpha | Composite Reliability | Average Variance Extracted (AVE) |
---|---|---|---|
Corporate factors (CP) | 0.886 | 0.91 | 0.592 |
Government Policies and Stakeholder Commitment (GPSC) | 0.92 | 0.934 | 0.64 |
Industry Awareness (IA) | 0.854 | 0.893 | 0.626 |
Market factors and Techniques (MFT) | 0.87 | 0.898 | 0.561 |
Organizational Support and Knowledge | 0.901 | 0.921 | 0.662 |
Construct | Variable | CP | GPSC | IA | MFT | OST |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CP | CP01 | 0.783 | 0.513 | 0.606 | 0.668 | 0.627 |
CP02 | 0.754 | 0.616 | 0.484 | 0.569 | 0.523 | |
CP03 | 0.752 | 0.477 | 0.499 | 0.607 | 0.582 | |
CP04 | 0.788 | 0.554 | 0.488 | 0.576 | 0.634 | |
CP05 | 0.778 | 0.509 | 0.655 | 0.711 | 0.731 | |
CP06 | 0.772 | 0.607 | 0.633 | 0.697 | 0.709 | |
CP07 | 0.76 | 0.656 | 0.461 | 0.581 | 0.57 | |
GP | GP01 | 0.461 | 0.766 | 0.395 | 0.425 | 0.464 |
GP02 | 0.458 | 0.783 | 0.324 | 0.439 | 0.469 | |
GP03 | 0.638 | 0.866 | 0.543 | 0.523 | 0.499 | |
GP04 | 0.428 | 0.751 | 0.506 | 0.516 | 0.537 | |
GP05 | 0.588 | 0.78 | 0.482 | 0.569 | 0.612 | |
GP06 | 0.697 | 0.864 | 0.632 | 0.684 | 0.646 | |
GP07 | 0.604 | 0.784 | 0.585 | 0.49 | 0.492 | |
GP08 | 0.663 | 0.8 | 0.568 | 0.635 | 0.587 | |
IA | IA01 | 0.49 | 0.616 | 0.841 | 0.613 | 0.535 |
IA02 | 0.621 | 0.569 | 0.775 | 0.681 | 0.665 | |
IA03 | 0.638 | 0.446 | 0.683 | 0.658 | 0.641 | |
IA04 | 0.604 | 0.498 | 0.899 | 0.704 | 0.616 | |
IA05 | 0.601 | 0.413 | 0.741 | 0.648 | 0.601 | |
MFT | MFT01 | 0.606 | 0.419 | 0.499 | 0.671 | 0.484 |
MFT02 | 0.584 | 0.569 | 0.551 | 0.794 | 0.558 | |
MFT03 | 0.645 | 0.607 | 0.6 | 0.78 | 0.665 | |
MFT04 | 0.562 | 0.489 | 0.674 | 0.722 | 0.589 | |
MFT05 | 0.666 | 0.463 | 0.619 | 0.805 | 0.724 | |
MFT06 | 0.716 | 0.528 | 0.744 | 0.857 | 0.684 | |
MFT07 | 0.576 | 0.579 | 0.587 | 0.617 | 0.501 | |
OSK | OSK01 | 0.573 | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.527 | 0.766 |
OSK02 | 0.692 | 0.522 | 0.431 | 0.601 | 0.754 | |
OSK03 | 0.644 | 0.443 | 0.578 | 0.671 | 0.806 | |
OSK04 | 0.686 | 0.571 | 0.664 | 0.754 | 0.838 | |
OSK05 | 0.704 | 0.546 | 0.624 | 0.641 | 0.833 | |
OSK06 | 0.716 | 0.618 | 0.727 | 0.726 | 0.878 |
Constructs | CP | GPSC | IA | MFT | OSK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corporate factors (CP) | 0.77 | ||||
Government Policies and Stakeholder Commitment (GPSC) | 0.721 | 0.8 | |||
Industry Awareness (IA) | 0.718 | 0.645 | 0.791 | ||
Market factors and Techniques (MFT) | 0.825 | 0.682 | 0.749 | 0.817 | |
Organizational Support and Knowledge | 0.819 | 0.679 | 0.748 | 0.806 | 0.814 |
GoF GoF Criteria |
---|
GoF = √communalityXRsquare |
Communality = 0.5 |
R2 effect small = 0.02, Medium = 0.13, Large = 0.26 |
Range of GoF values: |
Thus |
GoF = (0<GoF<1) |
GoFSmall = √(0.5X 0.02) = 0.10 |
GoFMedium = √(0.5X 0.13) = 0.25 |
GoFLarge = √(0.5X 0.26) = 0.36 |
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Khahro, S.H.; Memon, A.H.; Memon, N.A.; Arsal, A.; Ali, T.H. Modeling the Factors Enhancing the Implementation of Green Procurement in the Pakistani Construction Industry. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137248
Khahro SH, Memon AH, Memon NA, Arsal A, Ali TH. Modeling the Factors Enhancing the Implementation of Green Procurement in the Pakistani Construction Industry. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137248
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhahro, Shabir Hussain, Aftab Hameed Memon, Nafees Ahmed Memon, Ali Arsal, and Tauha Hussain Ali. 2021. "Modeling the Factors Enhancing the Implementation of Green Procurement in the Pakistani Construction Industry" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137248
APA StyleKhahro, S. H., Memon, A. H., Memon, N. A., Arsal, A., & Ali, T. H. (2021). Modeling the Factors Enhancing the Implementation of Green Procurement in the Pakistani Construction Industry. Sustainability, 13(13), 7248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137248