Socio-Environmental Impacts of the Avocado Boom in the Meseta Purépecha, Michoacán, Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Region, Methods, and Sources
2.1. The Meseta Purépecha
2.2. Methods
- Between November 2016 and March 2018, 33 in-depth semi-structured interviews [24] were carried out in the towns of Arandín, Milpillas, and San Juan Nuevo in San Juan’s municipality, and in the town of Capácuaro, and Uruapan City in the municipality of Uruapan. The interviews were based on a semi-structured questionnaire (included in Appendix A), which was elaborated based on the methodology proposed by Kallio et al. (2016) [24] and applied to key informants, who were based on the previous knowledge of the region and on the “snow ball” sampling technique. This is specifically used for individual interviews and is a type of deterministic sampling method. In this technique the first interviews are applied to a group of key informants previously identified (these were originally eight people in our case study) asking them to recommend other potential interviewees who from their perspective are also relevant actors in the process under study, and so on, aiming to reach a relevant number of interviews until the responses become consistently repetitive [25,26]. We choose this sampling method as it allowed us to reach key informants between populations difficult to access [27], due to the prevailing mistrust among avocado producers, government officers, and community authorities due to the generalized violence, extorsions, and kidnappings in the region committed by the organized crime.The “types” of actors that we interviewed were:Twelve small- and medium-scale farmers who own and/or rent private land where they grow avocado; eight sanitary technicians, in charge of the registration and authorization of avocado cutting and shipping of export permits to the US; two municipal (government) authorities of both San Juan Nuevo and Uruapan; the president of the indigenous community of San Juan Nuevo, five agricultural workers, and four regional experts in the themes of: forestry, water, and land-use change.The number of the different actors interviewed and the size of the whole sample were defined based on the repetitiveness of the information gathered in the different interviewees [27]. These interviews provided qualitative information, critical for the understanding of the process under analysis, based on the perspectives of different stakeholders and relevant actors.
- For the analysis and grouping of the ages of the orchards and land tenure, we conducted an overlay analysis with the software ArcMap ver. 10.3 using the data of the Study of Assessment of Ecological Impacts of Avocado Cultivation, at the Regional and Plot Level, for the years 1995, 2005, and 2011 by Burgos et al., 2011a, 2012 [7,8] and the data on land tenure provided by the Registro Agrario Nacional [28].
- This work is also based on the analysis of different documental sources: the 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2020 Population and the Agricultural Censuses of the National Institute of Statistics, Geography, and Information Technology (INEGI) [14,15,23]; the Human Development Index drafted by the United Nations Development Program [29], the National System of Information on Market Integration of the Ministry of Economics of Mexico [30]; the statistical database of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOSTAT) [8], and the Agri-Food and Fisheries Information Service of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fishing, and Food of the United States of America [31]. This diverse information enabled a comprehensive characterization of the social and economic context of the process under study.
3. Results
3.1. The Expansion of Avocado in Michoacán
3.2. Impacts of Public Policies on Avocado Expansion
3.3. Main Social Impacts: Concentration of Lands, Productive Capacities, and Profits
3.4. Main Environmental Impacts: Land-Use Change, Water and Soil Pollution, and Forest Fragmentation
3.5. Vulnerability of the Avocado Production System
3.6. An Alternative Model: The Community of San Juan Nuevo Parangaricutiro
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- I.
- Production1. How long have you been growing avocado?2. What did you do before producing avocado?3. How did you start growing avocado?4. What is the area that has been sown?5. Do you produce any other produce in the orchard?6. What is the yield of your orchard?7. How many times do you harvest in a year?8. Has yield changed in recent years?9. What variety of avocado do you produce?10. Where did you get the seedlings to plant the orchard?11. How do you manage the orchard?ConventionalOrganic (to question 16)12. Secondary vegetation removal13. Use of HerbicideWhich?14. FertilizerWhich?15. None16. What is the origin of your organic inputs?17. Which ones do you use?
- Bordeaux broth
- Sulfo-calcium
- Bocachi
- Lombri-compost
- Humus
- Others
18. Does your orchard have irrigation? No (to question 22)19. How much water do you use to irrigate?20. Where does the water you use to irrigate come from?21. Is water available throughout the year?22. Do you require electricity for your production process?23. Do you know roughly the cost of producing one ha per year?Water consumption:Fertilizer consumption:Phytosanitary control (herbicides/organic inputs):Machinery and equipment:Other:24. Do you have any certification?Good practicesOrganicExport25. What are the advantages of these schemes?26. What are the disadvantages of these schemes? - II.
- Commercialization27. Who do you sell it to?28. How do you sell it?29. Do you know if it is exported?Where?30. Have you always sold it to the same people?31. It belongs to an organization of producers/marketers (No to 35)32. How long have you been with the organization?33. What are the advantages of belonging to the organization?34. In your experience, what is the reason for the avocado boom?
- III.
- Property regime35. Is the orchard yours, is it part of an ejido, is it private property, is the rent?36. Does your orchard belong/belonged to any ejido or community?37. Do you know what used to be produced on the land where you have your avocado orchard? (No to question 39)38. When was the substitution made?39. Why was the crop substituted?
- IV.
- On challenges and perspectives in avocado cultivation40. What do you consider the main risks in avocado production?
- Overproduction in the region
- Competition with other areas of the country
- Competition with other countries
- Others
41. Problems with unfavorable weather conditions in the region- Hail
- Frost
- Excess rain
- Lack of rain
- Increase in temperature
- Others
42. Problems with conditions associated with consumption- Decrease in national consumption
- Market saturation
- Decrease in market prices
- Others
43. How many people work in the orchard?44. How long did their work in a year?45. How do you consider the access roads to your orchard?46. In general terms, how would you consider the effect that avocado cultivation has had in economic terms in the region?47. In general terms, how would you consider the effect that avocado cultivation has had in social terms in the region?48. What would happen to you if the avocado markets declined or collapsed?49. What do you think would happen to the region if the avocado markets declined or collapsed?50. Do you observe impacts on water or soil contamination in your orchard in recent years?51. Do you observe impacts on water or soil contamination in the region in recent years? - V.
- General information52. Where are you from?53. What is your production unit called?54. Who do you consider to be the key people who started avocado cultivation in the region?55. What is your principal occupation?Date:Place:Name:Age:
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Population | Average Age | Indigenous Population | Human Development Index 1 | GDP per Capita (USD) | Population Living in Poverty % 2 | Population Living in Extreme Poverty % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nuevo Parangaricutiro | 20,981 | 26 | 67% | 0.65 | 8028 | 68% | 10.6% |
Uruapan | 356,786 | 27 | 19% | 0.73 | 12,242 | 56.4% | 9.3% |
Meseta Purépecha | 660,651 | 24 | 32% | ND | ND | 63.4% | 14.3% |
Michoacán | 4,748,846 | 28 | 14% | 0.69 | 5147 | 59.11% | 9.92% |
Mexico | 126,014,024 | 26 | 7% | 0.76 | 9271 | 47.54% | 8.37% |
Palma Index in 2010 | |
---|---|
Uruapan | 3.05 |
San Juan Nuevo | 0.46 |
Michoacán State | 2.9 |
Mexico | 2.8 |
Cost and Profits from the Orchards in the Year 1 (USD)/ha | Cost and Profits from the Orchards in Years 2–4 (USD)/ha | Cost and Profits from the Orchards in Years 4–10 (USD)/ha | Cost and Profits from the Orchards after 10 Years and more (USD)/ha | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tree planting | 44.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Fertilizers | 2800 | 2800 | 2800 | 2800 |
Maintenance and care of the plantation | 800 | 800 | 800 | 800 |
Irrigation | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 |
Control of pests and weeds | 1180 | 1180 | 1180 | 1180 |
Costs of participation in the export program, agricultural insurance, and administrative costs | 900 | 850 | 850 | 850 |
Total | 6125 | 6030 | 6030 | 6030 |
Sales | 0 | 0 | 7600–11,800 | 14,700–22,700 |
Balance | −6125 | −6030 | 1570–5770 | 8690–16,670 |
Total Extension (Hectares) | Communal-Ejido Lands (%) | Extension of Lands Covered by Avocado Orchards (has) | |
---|---|---|---|
Uruapan | 101,500 | 39.6 | 16,200 |
San Juan Nuevo | 23,500 | 55 | 7520 |
Meseta Purépecha | 413,716 | 28.5 | 76,889 |
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De la Vega-Rivera, A.; Merino-Pérez, L. Socio-Environmental Impacts of the Avocado Boom in the Meseta Purépecha, Michoacán, Mexico. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7247. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137247
De la Vega-Rivera A, Merino-Pérez L. Socio-Environmental Impacts of the Avocado Boom in the Meseta Purépecha, Michoacán, Mexico. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7247. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137247
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe la Vega-Rivera, Alfonso, and Leticia Merino-Pérez. 2021. "Socio-Environmental Impacts of the Avocado Boom in the Meseta Purépecha, Michoacán, Mexico" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7247. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137247
APA StyleDe la Vega-Rivera, A., & Merino-Pérez, L. (2021). Socio-Environmental Impacts of the Avocado Boom in the Meseta Purépecha, Michoacán, Mexico. Sustainability, 13(13), 7247. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137247