Factors Affecting the Lut Desert Tourism in Iran: Developing an Interpretive-Structural Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
3.1. Factor Selection and Design of Matrices
3.2. Data Analysis Method: Structural-Interpretive Modeling
3.3. Steps of Structural-Interpretive Modeling
- V: If factor I affects the emergence of factor J;
- A: If factor J affects factor I;
- X: If both factors affect one another (two-way effect);
- O: If no association exists between the two factors.
3.4. Mic Mac and Clustering Analyses
4. Case Study
5. Findings
5.1. Self-Interaction Matrix
5.2. Primary Reachability Matrix
5.3. Secondary Reachability Matrix
5.4. Leveling the Factors
5.5. Modeling and Interaction Network
5.6. Clustering the Factors
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Code |
---|---|
Sports approach to the Lut desert (rally, off-road competitions) | C1 |
Existence of ancient settlements | C2 |
Existence of historical villages | C3 |
Existence of special geomorphological factors (Klots, Hamada, Nebka) | C4 |
Existence of the Kal Shor river in the heart of the desert (contrast of water and land) | C5 |
Clean and pollution-free climate | C6 |
Adventure trips (difficult routes) | C7 |
Emergence of a new lake in the heart of the desert (young lake) | C8 |
Cost-effective travel expenses | C9 |
Health and medical attractions (hydrotherapy in the Lut desert) | C10 |
Environmental comfort in the desert (environmental psychology) | C11 |
Exploration trips for astronomy, zoology and archeology | C12 |
Increasing urbanization and escape from urban life (especially in big cities) | C13 |
Existence of different customs and traditions in the settlements on the edge of the desert | C14 |
Security and safety provided in the desert | C15 |
Appropriate media advertising and illustration of the Lut desert (branding) | C16 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | C10 | C11 | C12 | C13 | C14 | C15 | C16 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | O | O | O | O | A | O | A | A | O | A | O | O | O | A | A | |
C2 | X | V | O | O | V | O | A | O | O | V | O | O | A | A | ||
C3 | O | O | O | V | O | A | O | V | V | A | O | A | A | |||
C4 | X | O | V | X | A | X | A | V | A | O | A | A | ||||
C5 | O | V | X | A | O | A | O | A | O | A | A | |||||
C6 | O | A | A | X | X | O | A | O | A | A | ||||||
C7 | A | A | A | A | X | O | A | A | A | |||||||
C8 | A | X | X | O | O | O | A | A | ||||||||
C9 | V | V | V | O | V | X | A | |||||||||
C10 | V | V | O | O | O | A | ||||||||||
C11 | X | A | O | A | O | |||||||||||
C12 | O | A | A | A | ||||||||||||
C13 | O | A | A | |||||||||||||
C14 | O | A | ||||||||||||||
C15 | A | |||||||||||||||
C16 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | C10 | C11 | C12 | C13 | C14 | C16 | C16 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | O0 | O0 | O0 | O0 | A0 | O0 | A0 | A0 | O0 | A0 | O0 | O0 | O0 | A0 | A0 | |
C2 | 0 | X1 | V1 | O0 | O0 | V1 | O0 | A0 | O0 | O0 | V1 | O0 | O0 | A0 | A0 | |
C3 | 0 | 1 | O0 | O0 | O0 | V1 | O0 | A0 | O0 | V1 | V1 | A0 | O0 | A0 | A0 | |
C4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | X1 | O0 | V1 | X1 | A0 | X1 | A0 | V1 | A0 | O0 | A0 | A0 | |
C5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | O0 | V1 | X1 | A0 | O0 | A0 | O0 | A0 | O0 | A0 | A0 | |
C6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | O0 | A0 | A0 | X1 | X1 | O0 | A0 | O0 | A0 | A0 | |
C7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | A0 | A0 | A0 | A0 | X1 | O0 | A0 | A0 | A0 | |
C8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | A0 | X1 | X1 | O0 | O0 | O0 | A0 | A0 | |
C9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | V1 | V1 | V1 | O0 | V1 | A0 | A0 | |
C10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | V1 | V1 | O0 | O0 | A0 | A0 | |
C11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | X1 | A0 | O0 | O0 | O0 | |
C12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | O0 | A0 | A0 | A0 | |
C13 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | O0 | A0 | A0 | |
C14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | A0 | A0 | |
C15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | A0 | A0 |
C16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | C10 | C11 | C12 | C13 | C14 | C15 | C16 | Driving Power | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
C2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
C3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
C4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
C5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
C6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
C7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
C8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
C9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 14 |
C10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
C11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
C12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
C13 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
C14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
C15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13 |
C16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 16 |
Dependence | 7 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
Code | Factor | Antecedent Set | Reachability Set | Intersection Set | Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | Sports approach to the Lut desert (rally, off-road competitions) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
C2 | Existence of ancient settlements | 2-3-9-15-16 | 2-3-4-7-12 | 2-3 | 3 |
C3 | Existence of historical villages | 2-3-9-13-15-16 | 2-3-7-11-12 | 2-3 | 4 |
C4 | Existence of special geomorphological factors (Klots, Hamada, Nebka) | 2-4-5-8-9-10-11-13-1-5-16 | 4-5-7-8-10-12 | 4-5-8-10 | 2 |
C5 | Existence of the Kal Shor river in the heart of the desert (contrast of water and land) | 4-5-8-9-11-13-15-16 | 4-5-7-8 | 4-5-8 | 2 |
C6 | Clean and pollution-free climate | 6-8-9-10-11-13-15-16 | 1-6-10-11 | 6-10-11 | 2 |
C7 | Adventure trips (difficult routes) | 2-3-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-14-15-16 | 7-12 | 7-12 | 1 |
C8 | Emergence of a new lake in the heart of the desert (young lake) | 4-5-8-9-10-11-15-16 | 1-4-5-6-7-8-10-11 | 4-5-8-10-11 | 3 |
C9 | Cost-effective travel expenses | 9-15-16 | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-14-15 | 9-15 | 5 |
C10 | Health and medical attractions (hydrotherapy in the Lut desert) | 4-6-8-9-10-16 | 4-6-7-8-10-11-12 | 4-6-8-10 | 4 |
C11 | Environmental comfort in the desert (environmental psychology) | 3-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-15-16 | 1-4-5-6-7-8-11-12 | 6-8-11-12 | 3 |
C12 | Exploration trips for astronomy, zoology and archeology | 2-3-4-7-9-10-11-12-14-15-16 | 7-11-12 | 7-11-12 | 1 |
C13 | Increasing urbanization and escape from urban life (especially in big cities) | 13-15-16 | 3-4-5-6-11-13 | 13 | 4 |
C14 | Existence of different customs and traditions in the settlements on the edge of the desert | 9-14-16 | 7-12-14 | 14 | 2 |
C15 | Security and safety provided in the desert | 9-15-16 | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-11-12-13-15 | 9-15 | 5 |
C16 | Appropriate media advertising and illustration of the Lut desert (branding) | 16 | 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16 | 16 | 6 |
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Murgante, B.; Eskandari Sani, M.; Pishgahi, S.; Zarghamfard, M.; Kahaki, F. Factors Affecting the Lut Desert Tourism in Iran: Developing an Interpretive-Structural Model. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7245. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137245
Murgante B, Eskandari Sani M, Pishgahi S, Zarghamfard M, Kahaki F. Factors Affecting the Lut Desert Tourism in Iran: Developing an Interpretive-Structural Model. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7245. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137245
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurgante, Beniamino, Mohammad Eskandari Sani, Sara Pishgahi, Moslem Zarghamfard, and Fatemeh Kahaki. 2021. "Factors Affecting the Lut Desert Tourism in Iran: Developing an Interpretive-Structural Model" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7245. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137245
APA StyleMurgante, B., Eskandari Sani, M., Pishgahi, S., Zarghamfard, M., & Kahaki, F. (2021). Factors Affecting the Lut Desert Tourism in Iran: Developing an Interpretive-Structural Model. Sustainability, 13(13), 7245. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137245