A Study on the Perceived Positive Coaching Leadership, Sports Enthusiasm, and Happiness of Boxing Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Research Background and Motivation
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses
2.1. Positive Leadership
2.2. Sports Enthusiasm
2.3. Happiness
3. Research Methods
3.1. Research Structure and Hypotheses
3.2. Research Participants
3.3. Research Instruments
3.4. Data Processing and Analysis
4. Results Analysis
4.1. Analysis of Sample Characteristics
4.2. Test of Offending Estimates
4.3. Test of Normal Distribution
4.4. Analysis of Measurement Model
Verification of Reliability and Validity
4.5. Analysis of the Structural Relationship Model
Path Analysis
5. Conclusions and Suggestions
5.1. General Discussion
5.2. Management Implications
5.3. Research Contributions
5.4. Limitations and Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Structural Plane | Content |
---|---|
Positive climate | 1. My coach can create an atmosphere of mutual care and support. |
2. My coach can listen to my thoughts and feelings with empathy. | |
3. My coach can support me in Boxing. | |
4. My coach can express his gratitude to the service staff for their dedication in suitable places. | |
Positive relationships | 1. My coach can fully trust me in Boxing. |
2. My coach respects my teaching autonomy in Boxing. | |
3. My coach can encourage my performance in Boxing. | |
4. My coach can support and respect me to build a good relationship. | |
Positive communication | 1. My coach can communicate with me in different ways. |
2. My coach can communicate with me two-way communication to stimulate more ideas for each other. | |
3. My coach can listen and affirm my professional ideas. | |
4. My coach can create a harmonious environment and encourage me to share professionally. | |
Positive meaning | 1. My coach is a provider of positive energy. |
2. My coach can influence me towards a common goal. | |
3. My coach will help me gain a sense of accomplishment in the process of engaging in Boxing. | |
4. My coach can understand the different values or beliefs that we have. | |
Harmonious Passion | 1. Boxing allows me to live a life of various experiences. |
2. The new things that I discover with Boxing allow me to appreciate it even more. | |
3. Boxing allows me to live memorable experiences. | |
4. Boxing reflects the qualities I like about myself. | |
5. Boxing is in harmony with the other activities in my life. | |
6. For me Boxing it is a passion, that I still manage to control. | |
7. I am completely taken with Boxing. | |
Obsessive Passion | 1. I cannot live without Boxing. |
2. The urge is so strong. I can’t help myself from doing Boxing. | |
3. I have difficulty imagining my life without Boxing. | |
4. I am emotionally dependent on Boxing. | |
5. I have a tough time controlling my need to do Boxing. | |
6. I have almost an obsessive feeling for Boxing. | |
7. My mood depends on me being able to do Boxing. | |
Life satisfaction | 1. I am satisfied with my daily life. |
2. I have a great sense of accomplishment in boxing. | |
3. Boxing has motivated my life. | |
Self-affirmation | 1. When I was joined in the group activity, my heart was filled with joy. |
2. I’m towards to my goal step by step. | |
3. Every time I reach a small goal, I feel joy and happiness in my heart. | |
4. I am satisfied with my performance. | |
Interpersonal relationship | 1. I will always appreciate the goodness of others and praise her. |
2. When I disagree with others, I can still respect them. | |
3. They and I can forgive the misunderstanding caused by the past. |
Appendix B
Variable | Category | Count | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 138 | 1.54 | 0.49 |
Female | 162 | |||
Expertise training years | less than 1 years | 142 | 1.81 | 0.93 |
1 years~3 years | 95 | |||
3 years~5 years | 41 | |||
longer than 5 years | 22 | |||
Living area | North | 93 | 1.96 | 0.81 |
Central | 136 | |||
South | 60 | |||
East | 11 | |||
In the past, how many years of sport experience other than Boxing did you have? | less than 1 years | 115 | 1.96 | 0.94 |
1 years~3 years | 105 | |||
3 years~5 years | 55 | |||
longer than 5 years | 25 |
Appendix C
Variable | Standardized Regression Cofficient | Error Variance |
---|---|---|
PC1 (1. My coach can create an atmosphere of mutual care and support.) | 0.75 | 0.11 |
PC 2 (2. My coach can listen to my thoughts and feelings with empathy.) | 0.78 | 0.07 |
PC 3 (3. My coach can support me in Boxing.) | 0.81 | 0.08 |
PC 4 (4. My coach can express his gratitude to the service staff for their dedication in suitable places.) | 0.72 | 0.08 |
PR 1 (1. My coach can fully trust me in Boxing.) | 0.81 | 0.07 |
PR 2 (2. My coach respects my teaching autonomy in Boxing.) | 0.73 | 0.07 |
PR 3 (3. My coach can encourage my performance in Boxing.) | 0.80 | 0.06 |
PR 4 (4. My coach can support and respect me to build a good relationship.) | 0.80 | 0.07 |
PCO 1 (1. My coach can communicate with me in different ways.) | 0.72 | 0.08 |
PCO 2 (2. My coach can communicate with me two-way communication to stimulate more ideas for each other.) | 0.76 | 0.07 |
PCO 3 (3. My coach can listen and affirm my professional ideas.) | 0.78 | 0.07 |
PCO 4 (4. My coach can create a harmonious environment and encourage me to share professionally.) | 0.74 | 0.07 |
PM 1 (1. My coach is a provider of positive energy.) | 0.68 | 0.07 |
PM 2 (2. My coach can influence me towards a common goal.) | 0.73 | 0.07 |
PM 3 (3. My coach will help me gain a sense of accomplishment in the process of engaging in Boxing.) | 0.78 | 0.08 |
PM 4 (4. My coach can understand the different values or beliefs that we have.) | 0.69 | 0.08 |
SE 1 (1. Boxing allows me to live a life of various experiences.) | 0.70 | 0.07 |
SE 2 (2. The new things that I discover with Boxing allow me to appreciate it even more.) | 0.68 | 0.08 |
SE 3 (3. Boxing allows me to live memorable experiences.) | 0.71 | 0.07 |
SE 4 (4. Boxing reflects the qualities I like about myself.) | 0.73 | 0.07 |
SE 5 (5. Boxing is in harmony with the other activities in my life.) | 0.71 | 0.08 |
SE 6 (6. For me Boxing it is a passion, that I still manage to control.) | 0.16 | 0.1 |
SE 7 (7. I am completely taken with Boxing.) | 0.69 | 0.08 |
SE 8 (1. I cannot live without Boxing.) | 0.71 | 0.07 |
SE 9 (2. The urge is so strong. I can’t help myself from doing Boxing.) | 0.7 | 0.07 |
SE 10 (3. I have difficulty imagining my life without Boxing.) | 0.79 | 0.06 |
SE 11 (4. I am emotionally dependent on Boxing.) | 0.71 | 0.08 |
SE 12 (5. I have a tough time controlling my need to do Boxing.) | 0.68 | 0.08 |
SE 13 (6. I have almost an obsessive feeling for Boxing.) | 0.18 | 0.11 |
SE 14 (7. My mood depends on me being able to do Boxing.) | 0.61 | 0.09 |
LS 1 (1. I am satisfied with my daily life.) | 0.71 | 0.09 |
LS 2 (2. I have a great sense of accomplishment in boxing.) | 0.74 | 0.09 |
LS 3 (3. Boxing has motivated my life.) | 0.72 | 0.09 |
SA 1 (1. When I was joined in the group activity, my heart was filled with joy.) | 0.70 | 0.09 |
SA 2 (2. I’m towards to my goal step by step.) | 0.81 | 0.09 |
SA 3 (3. Every time I reach a small goal, I feel joy and happiness in my heart.) | 0.75 | 0.08 |
SA 4 (4. I am satisfied with my performance.) | 0.75 | 0.08 |
IR 1 (1. I will always appreciate the goodness of others and praise her.) | 0.71 | 0.1 |
IR 2 (2. When I disagree with others, I can still respect them.) | 0.78 | 0.08 |
IR 3 (3. They and I can forgive the misunderstanding caused by the past.) | 0.71 | 0.08 |
Appendix D
Variable | Min | Max | Skew | c.r. | Kurtosis | c.r. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 (1. My coach can create an atmosphere of mutual care and support.) | 1 | 7 | −0.2635 | −2.0578 | −0.6854 | −2.6766 |
PC 2 (2. My coach can listen to my thoughts and feelings with empathy.) | 1 | 7 | −0.239 | −1.8669 | −0.2649 | −1.0345 |
PC 3 (3. My coach can support me in Boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −0.295 | −2.3042 | −0.5718 | −2.2329 |
PC 4 (4. My coach can express his gratitude to the service staff for their dedication in suitable places.) | 1 | 7 | −0.302 | −2.3588 | −0.2947 | −1.1509 |
PR 1 (1. My coach can fully trust me in Boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −0.2328 | −1.8183 | −0.6205 | −2.4231 |
PR 2 (2. My coach respects my teaching autonomy in Boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −0.5798 | −4.5286 | 0.0177 | 0.069 |
PR 3 (3. My coach can encourage my performance in Boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −0.1536 | −1.1993 | −0.5401 | −2.1093 |
PR 4 (4. My coach can support and respect me to build a good relationship.) | 1 | 7 | −0.4825 | −3.7681 | −0.328 | −1.2808 |
PCO 1 (1. My coach can communicate with me in different ways.) | 1 | 7 | −0.4451 | −3.4766 | −0.1241 | −0.4847 |
PCO 2 (2. My coach can communicate with me two-way communication to stimulate more ideas for each other.) | 1 | 7 | −0.3735 | −2.9169 | −0.2766 | −1.0803 |
PCO 3 (3. My coach can listen and affirm my professional ideas.) | 1 | 7 | −0.548 | −4.2804 | −0.1234 | −0.4818 |
PCO 4 (4. My coach can create a harmonious environment and encourage me to share professionally.) | 1 | 7 | −0.4535 | −3.542 | −0.069 | −0.2693 |
PM 1 (1. My coach is a provider of positive energy.) | 2 | 7 | −0.1249 | −0.9754 | −0.4655 | −1.8178 |
PM 2 (2. My coach can influence me towards a common goal.) | 1 | 7 | −0.405 | −3.1633 | −0.276 | −1.078 |
PM 3 (3. My coach will help me gain a sense of accomplishment in the process of engaging in Boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −0.5255 | −4.1041 | −0.3711 | −1.449 |
PM 4 (4. My coach can understand the different values or beliefs that we have.) | 1 | 7 | −0.6528 | −5.0984 | 0.0165 | 0.0646 |
SE 1 (1. Boxing allows me to live a life of various experiences.) | 1 | 7 | −0.4971 | −3.8828 | 0.2283 | 0.8915 |
SE 2 (2. The new things that I discover with Boxing allow me to appreciate it even more.) | 1 | 7 | −0.5702 | −4.4532 | 0.1862 | 0.727 |
SE 3 (3. Boxing allows me to live memorable experiences.) | 2 | 7 | −0.3944 | −3.0802 | −0.4737 | −1.8497 |
SE 4 (4. Boxing reflects the qualities I like about myself.) | 1 | 7 | −0.6813 | −5.3214 | 0.4451 | 1.7383 |
SE 5 (5. Boxing is in harmony with the other activities in my life.) | 1 | 8 | −0.5221 | −4.0774 | −0.0286 | −0.1116 |
SE 6 (6. For me Boxing it is a passion, that I still manage to control.) | 1 | 7 | −1.2962 | −10.123 | 1.7757 | 6.9344 |
SE 7 (7. I am completely taken with Boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −0.4283 | −3.3453 | −0.3942 | −1.5392 |
SE 8 (1. I cannot live without Boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −0.3367 | −2.63 | −0.331 | −1.2926 |
SE 9 (2. The urge is so strong. I can’t help myself from doing Boxing.) | 2 | 7 | −0.3569 | −2.7875 | −0.427 | −1.6674 |
SE 10 (3. I have difficulty imagining my life without Boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −0.4511 | −3.5229 | −0.0258 | −0.1006 |
SE 11 (4. I am emotionally dependent on Boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −0.3555 | −2.7763 | −0.1899 | −0.7417 |
SE 12 (5. I have a tough time controlling my need to do Boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −0.4223 | −3.2981 | −0.3218 | −1.2565 |
SE 13 (6. I have almost an obsessive feeling for Boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −1.2996 | −10.150 | 1.8341 | 7.1622 |
SE 14 (7. My mood depends on me being able to do Boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −0.4594 | −3.5879 | −0.1835 | −0.7164 |
LS 1 (1. I am satisfied with my daily life.) | 1 | 7 | −0.3894 | −3.0417 | −0.1487 | −0.5809 |
LS 2 (2. I have a great sense of accomplishment in boxing.) | 1 | 7 | −0.468 | −3.6548 | 0.0266 | 0.1038 |
LS 3 (3. Boxing has motivated my life.) | 1 | 7 | −0.4336 | −3.3868 | −0.2448 | −0.9561 |
SA 1 (1. When I was joined in the group activity, my heart was filled with joy.) | 1 | 7 | −0.461 | −3.6006 | −0.0928 | −0.3623 |
SA 2 (2. I’m towards to my goal step by step.) | 1 | 7 | −0.6229 | −4.865 | −0.3721 | −1.453 |
SA 3 (3. Every time I reach a small goal, I feel joy and happiness in my heart.) | 1 | 8 | −0.3813 | −2.9783 | 0.0745 | 0.2909 |
SA 4 (4. I am satisfied with my performance.) | 1 | 7 | −0.4906 | −3.8318 | −0.4396 | −1.7167 |
IR 1 (1. I will always appreciate the goodness of others and praise her.) | 1 | 7 | −0.5656 | −4.4174 | 0.117 | 0.4569 |
IR 2 (2. When I disagree with others, I can still respect them.) | 1 | 7 | −0.3841 | −3 | −0.2593 | −1.0127 |
IR 3 (3. They and I can forgive the misunderstanding caused by the past.) | 1 | 7 | −0.5188 | −4.0523 | 0.1905 | 0.7441 |
Appendix E
Construct | Variable | Standardized Factor Loading | Unstandardized Standardized Factor Loading | S.E. | C.R.(t-Value) | p | SMC | C.R. | AVE | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive climate | PC1 (1. My coach can create an atmosphere of mutual care and support.) | 0.75 | 1 | 0.56 | 0.84 | 0.58 | 0.842 | |||
PC 2 (2. My coach can listen to my thoughts and feelings with empathy.) | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.06 | 13.54 | *** | 0.6 | ||||
PC 3 (3. My coach can support me in Boxing.) | 0.81 | 0.98 | 0.07 | 14.11 | *** | 0.65 | ||||
PC 4 (4. My coach can express his gratitude to the service staff for their dedication in suitable places.) | 0.72 | 0.79 | 0.07 | 11.78 | *** | 0.52 | ||||
Positive relationships | PR 1 (1. My coach can fully trust me in Boxing.) | 0.81 | 1 | 0.86 | 0.61 | 0.865 | ||||
PR 2 (2. My coach respects my teaching autonomy in Boxing.) | 0.73 | 0.85 | 0.06 | 13.9 | *** | 0.53 | ||||
PR 3 (3. My coach can encourage my performance in Boxing.) | 0.8 | 0.97 | 0.06 | 15.84 | *** | 0.65 | ||||
PR 4 (4. My coach can support and respect me to build a good relationship.) | 0.8 | 1.01 | 0.06 | 15.94 | *** | 0.64 | ||||
Positive communication | PCO 1 (1. My coach can communicate with me in different ways.) | 0.72 | 1 | 0.82 | 0.54 | 0.836 | ||||
PCO 2 (2. My coach can communicate with me two-way communication to stimulate more ideas for each other.) | 0.76 | 1.08 | 0.08 | 13.01 | *** | 0.58 | ||||
PCO 3 (3. My coach can listen and affirm my professional ideas.) | 0.78 | 1.07 | 0.08 | 13.3 | *** | 0.6 | ||||
PCO 4 (4. My coach can create a harmonious environment and encourage me to share professionally.) | 0.74 | 1 | 0.08 | 12.57 | *** | 0.54 | ||||
Positive meaning | PM 1 (1. My coach is a provider of positive energy.) | 0.68 | 1 | 0.814 | ||||||
PM 2 (2. My coach can influence me towards a common goal.) | 0.73 | 1.16 | 0.1 | 11.58 | *** | 0.54 | 0.81 | 0.52 | ||
PM 3 (3. My coach will help me gain a sense of accomplishment in the process of engaging in Boxing.) | 0.78 | 1.37 | 0.11 | 12.29 | *** | 0.61 | ||||
PM 4 (4. My coach can understand the different values or beliefs that we have.) | 0.69 | 1.13 | 0.1 | 10.96 | *** | 0.47 | ||||
Harmonious Passion | SE 1 (1. Boxing allows me to live a life of various experiences.) | 0.7 | 1 | 0.48 | 0.85 | 0.5 | 0.854 | |||
SE 2 (2. The new things that I discover with Boxing allow me to appreciate it even more.) | 0.68 | 1.02 | 0.1 | 10.69 | *** | 0.47 | ||||
SE 3 (3. Boxing allows me to live memorable experiences.) | 0.71 | 1.04 | 0.1 | 10.94 | *** | 0.5 | ||||
SE 4 (4. Boxing reflects the qualities I like about myself.) | 0.73 | 1.04 | 0.09 | 11.29 | *** | 0.53 | ||||
SE 5 (5. Boxing is in harmony with the other activities in my life.) | 0.71 | 1.07 | 0.1 | 11.08 | *** | 0.51 | ||||
SE 6 (6. For me Boxing it is a passion, that I still manage to control.) | 0.69 | 1.03 | 0.09 | 10.89 | *** | 0.48 | ||||
On Obsessive Passion | SE 7 (7. I am completely taken with Boxing.) | 0.7 | 1 | 0.49 | 0.85 | 0.5 | 0.847 | |||
SE 8 (1. I cannot live without Boxing.) | 0.7 | 0.97 | 0.09 | 11.15 | *** | 0.49 | ||||
SE 9 (2. The urge is so strong. I can’t help myself from doing Boxing.) | 0.79 | 1.07 | 0.09 | 12.19 | *** | 0.62 | ||||
SE 10 (3. I have difficulty imagining my life without Boxing.) | 0.71 | 1.05 | 0.09 | 11.14 | *** | 0.5 | ||||
SE 11 (4. I am emotionally dependent on Boxing.) | 0.68 | 1.01 | 0.09 | 10.69 | *** | 0.47 | ||||
SE 12 (5. I have a tough time controlling my need to do Boxing.) | 0.61 | 0.88 | 0.09 | 9.58 | *** | 0.37 | ||||
Life satisfaction | SE 13 (6. I have almost an obsessive feeling for Boxing.) | 0.71 | 1 | 0.51 | 0.76 | 0.52 | 0.786 | |||
SE 14 (7. My mood depends on me being able to do Boxing.) | 0.74 | 1.03 | 0.09 | 11.43 | *** | 0.55 | ||||
LS 1 (1. I am satisfied with my daily life.) | 0.72 | 0.99 | 0.09 | 10.97 | *** | 0.52 | ||||
LS 2 (2. I have a great sense of accomplishment in boxing.) | 0.7 | 1 | 0.49 | 0.83 | 0.56 | 0.837 | ||||
Self-affirmation | LS 3 (3. Boxing has motivated my life.) | 0.81 | 1.25 | 0.1 | 12.44 | *** | 0.65 | |||
Interpersonal relationship | SA 1 (1. When I was joined in the group activity, my heart was filled with joy.) | 0.75 | 1.01 | 0.09 | 11.79 | *** | 0.56 | |||
SA 2 (2. I’m towards to my goal step by step.) | 0.75 | 1.05 | 0.09 | 11.67 | *** | 0.56 | ||||
SA 3 (3. Every time I reach a small goal, I feel joy and happiness in my heart.) | 0.71 | 1 | 0.51 | 0.77 | 0.53 | 0.78 | ||||
SA 4 (4. I am satisfied with my performance.) | 0.78 | 1.03 | 0.09 | 11.62 | *** | 0.62 | ||||
IR 1 (1. I will always appreciate the goodness of others and praise her.) | 0.71 | 0.92 | 0.09 | 10.77 | *** | 0.51 |
Appendix F
Model Fit Index | Recommended Value | Measurement Values |
---|---|---|
Chi-Square (χ2) | 61.533 | |
χ2/df | <5 | 4.681 |
GFI | >0.9 | 0.924 |
AGFI | >0.8 | 0.858 |
RMSEA | <0.1 | 0.111 |
CFI | >0.9 | 0.959 |
PCFI | >0.5 | 0.64 |
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Huang, H.-C.; Lee, P.-Y.; Lo, Y.-C.; Chen, I.-S.; Hsu, C.-H. A Study on the Perceived Positive Coaching Leadership, Sports Enthusiasm, and Happiness of Boxing Athletes. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7199. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137199
Huang H-C, Lee P-Y, Lo Y-C, Chen I-S, Hsu C-H. A Study on the Perceived Positive Coaching Leadership, Sports Enthusiasm, and Happiness of Boxing Athletes. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7199. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137199
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Hsing-Chieh, Peng-Yeh Lee, Yu-Chih Lo, I-Shen Chen, and Chin-Hsien Hsu. 2021. "A Study on the Perceived Positive Coaching Leadership, Sports Enthusiasm, and Happiness of Boxing Athletes" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7199. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137199