University Social Responsibility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Universities’ Case in the BRICS Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Challenges for Universities during the Pandemic
1.2. Research Gap
- A clearer understanding of the universities’ modern social role in the life of society;
- The development of an effective strategy to remove barriers to the growth of social responsibility;
- Determining the consequences of inappropriate USR development for both society and the university;
- Understanding the actions ensuring the implementation of responsibility regarding the specifics of the organizational structure, educational services, and universities’ scientific and social activities.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Why Is Social Responsibility Important for the BRICS Countries Higher Education USR Concept?
2.2. USR and Stakeholder Theory in the USR Concept
2.3. USR Developmental Factors
3. Methodology
3.1. Quantitative Assessment of USR Development
3.2. A Survey Aimed to Assess the Levels of the USR Development
3.3. Model for Assessing the USR
3.4. Methodology for Determining the Factors Influencing the USR Development and Testing Research Hypotheses
4. Results
4.1. Assessment of the USR Level in the BRICS Countries
4.2. Factors Affecting the USR Development in the BRICS Countries
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Indicator | Survey Question |
---|---|
Module 1. Indicators for assessing the USR | |
SR1 | You know the cases of universities participation in charity, volunteering aimed at helping needy segments of the population in your country |
SR2 | There is a widespread practice of investing significant funds in financing public cultural, educational, and sports events in the higher education system |
SR3 | Universities follow the rules of the labor code and conventions of the International Labor Organization: non-use of child labor, work schedule adherence |
SR4 | Universities provide career and personal development opportunities for management, teachers, and staff |
SR5 | Universities guarantee a stable job |
SR6 | There is a fair and non-discriminatory communication between management, teachers, and students in universities |
SR7 | Universities provide safe working conditions for employees’ work and students’ training, appropriate sanitary conditions |
SR8 | Universities conduct pilot projects and research work on renewable energy sources, resource efficiency programs, and climate change programs |
SR9 | Universities adhere to a code of ethics |
SR10 | Universities take part in the development of the infrastructure of the geographical area (city, region, country) |
SR11 | Universities provide material and psychological assistance to health care facilities and medical workers, participate in scientific research aimed at maintaining the health care system, and finance health care costs |
SR12 | Universities in your country cooperate with public organizations, charitable foundations to reduce poverty, social inequality, and overcome hunger |
SR13 | Universities provide quality, socially oriented education |
SR14 | Universities promote gender equality in society |
SR15 | Universities offer programs for sustainable development of cities, villages, regions and participate in their implementation |
SR16 | University activities (policy, research) contribute to the preservation of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems |
SR17 | Universities conduct outreach campaigns, educational activities aimed to promote peace and justice in society |
Module 2. Factors affecting USR development | |
FS1 | Universities have established an effective communication system between administration, teachers, students, and stakeholders to develop USR |
FS2 | Responsibilities of administration, teachers, staff, and students closely correlate with the universities’ institutional development goals |
FS3 | Implementing research projects and educational events to promote an understanding of the principles of students’ social responsibility is widespread in universities |
FS4 | Holding events aimed to raise students’ awareness of the environmental protection is widespread in universities |
FS5 | Implementing scientific projects to increase the students’ social awareness by studying society’s social problems is common in universities. |
FS6 | For the system of higher education in your country, the problem associated with the reduction in public funding is not relevant |
FS7 | The system of higher education is sufficiently funded by individuals and legal entities |
FS8 | Over the past years, there has been a tendency to increase the volume of domestic and foreign investment in the USR development |
FS9 | There are precedents for effective socially responsible management in the country’s higher education system |
FS10 | University-level socially responsible events are supported by administration |
FS11 | The development of socially responsible university management in your country is due to the high level of administration’s intellectual potential |
FS12 | The USR development in your country is greatly facilitated by a high level of administration creativity |
FS13 | Universities in the country have a high level of research potential (modern material and technical base, availability of teachers integrating research, and sufficient funding for scientific activities) |
FS14 | Along with educational activities, research is among the priority areas of the higher education system |
FS15 | When developing strategies and tasks for universities’ functioning, the management focuses on the interests of teachers, students, and stakeholders |
FS16 | University management is based on the consistency of stakeholders’ views and interests |
FS17 | A factor in the development of social responsibility in your country is the orientation of curricula towards obtaining students’ professional competencies and general ones, the priority of which includes the development of social responsibility and the implementation of sustainable development goals |
FS18 | In universities, programs have been developed to teach students environmentally friendly and resource-saving habits and energy-saving innovative technologies |
FS19 | Education at universities is aimed to develop students’ ability to constantly learn, work with information, quickly master new technologies, and think critically |
FS20 | There is an increase in the universities’ commercialization in the country |
FS21 | A factor in the USR development in the country is the university administration’s awareness of this need |
FS22 | The higher education system in your country is characterized by high innovative activity |
FS23 | The development of social responsibility is among the priority goals of universities’ development |
FS24 | The key principles of functioning of universities include an orientation towards the social and cultural development of society, regions, and the country, achieving sustainable development goals through research activities |
FS25 | The higher education system management is based on the observance of the principles of democracy, legitimacy, and absence of corruption |
FS26 | The higher education system is characterized by a high level of activity of the student community in university’s social events |
FS27 | In universities, information activities are carried out to develop the administration and teachers’ social responsibility |
Appendix B
Experts | Indicator Ranking | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SR2 | SR3 | SR4 | SR6 | SR7 | SR8 | SR9 | SR10 | SR11 | SR12 | SR13 | SR14 | SR17 | |
1 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
2 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 13 | 7 |
3 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 7 |
4 | 11 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 1.5 | 11 | 3.5 | 11 | 1.5 | 8 | 3.5 | 13 | 7 |
5 | 11 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 1.5 | 11 | 3.5 | 11 | 1.5 | 8 | 3.5 | 13 | 7 |
6 | 11 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 1.5 | 11 | 3.5 | 11 | 1.5 | 8 | 3.5 | 13 | 7 |
7 | 11 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 1.5 | 11 | 3.5 | 11 | 1.5 | 8 | 3.5 | 13 | 7 |
8 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 5 |
9 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 5 |
10 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 5 |
11 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 7 |
12 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 13 | 7 |
13 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 13 | 7 |
14 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 13 | 7 |
15 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 7 |
16 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 7 |
17 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 7 |
18 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 5 |
19 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 5 |
20 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 5 |
21 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 5 |
22 | 11.5 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11.5 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
23 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 5 |
24 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 5 |
25 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
26 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
27 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
28 | 12 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 9 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
29 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
30 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
31 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 13 | 8 |
32 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
33 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
34 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
35 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
36 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
37 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
38 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
39 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
40 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
41 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
42 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
43 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
44 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
45 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
46 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
47 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 13 | 7 |
Experts | Relative Importance Indexes of the USR Indicators | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SR2 | SR3 | SR4 | SR6 | SR7 | SR8 | SR9 | SR10 | SR11 | SR12 | SR13 | SR14 | SR17 | |
1 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
2 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.088 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.044 | 0.132 | 0.066 | 0.11 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
3 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.044 | 0.132 | 0.066 | 0.099 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
4 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.033 | 0.137 | 0.066 | 0.115 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
5 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.033 | 0.137 | 0.066 | 0.115 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
6 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.033 | 0.137 | 0.066 | 0.115 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
7 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.033 | 0.137 | 0.066 | 0.115 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
8 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.121 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.022 | 0.132 | 0.077 | 0.088 | 0.044 | 0.099 |
9 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.121 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.022 | 0.132 | 0.077 | 0.088 | 0.044 | 0.099 |
10 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.121 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.022 | 0.132 | 0.077 | 0.088 | 0.044 | 0.099 |
11 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.044 | 0.132 | 0.066 | 0.099 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
12 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.088 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.044 | 0.132 | 0.066 | 0.11 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
13 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.088 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.044 | 0.132 | 0.066 | 0.11 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
14 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.088 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.044 | 0.132 | 0.066 | 0.11 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
15 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.044 | 0.132 | 0.066 | 0.099 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
16 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.044 | 0.132 | 0.066 | 0.099 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
17 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.044 | 0.132 | 0.066 | 0.099 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
18 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.121 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.022 | 0.132 | 0.077 | 0.088 | 0.044 | 0.099 |
19 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.121 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.022 | 0.132 | 0.077 | 0.088 | 0.044 | 0.099 |
20 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.121 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.022 | 0.132 | 0.077 | 0.088 | 0.044 | 0.099 |
21 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.121 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.022 | 0.132 | 0.077 | 0.088 | 0.044 | 0.099 |
22 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
23 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.121 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.022 | 0.132 | 0.077 | 0.088 | 0.044 | 0.099 |
24 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.121 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.022 | 0.132 | 0.077 | 0.088 | 0.044 | 0.099 |
25 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
26 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
27 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
28 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.055 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
29 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
30 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
31 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.077 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.066 |
32 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
33 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
34 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
35 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
36 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
37 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
38 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
39 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
40 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
41 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
42 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
43 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
44 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
45 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
46 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
47 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.099 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.044 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.121 | 0.011 | 0.077 |
Average | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.08 |
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Country | Universities Represented by the Respondents | University’s Position in the QS World University Rankings | Number of Respondents, Persons | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | ||||||
2019 | 2020 | Teachers | Managers | Teachers | Managers | ||
Brazil | Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul | 601–650 | 651–700 | 42 | 28 | 42 | 28 |
Universidade de Brasília | 751–800 | 801–1000 | 42 | 27 | 42 | 24 | |
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina | 751–800 | 701–750 | 61 | 42 | 58 | 42 | |
Universidade Federal de São Carlos | 701–750 | 801–1000 | 31 | 20 | 31 | 20 | |
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco | 801–1000 | 801–1000 | 40 | 22 | 39 | 21 | |
The Federal University of Paraná | 801–1000 | 801–1000 | 41 | 27 | 41 | 26 | |
Number of respondents | - | - | 257 | 166 | 253 | 161 | |
Russia | National Research Saratov State University | 501–510 | 521–530 | 55 | 39 | 54 | 35 |
Novosibirsk State Technical University | 801–1000 | 801–1000 | 42 | 21 | 42 | 20 | |
Lobachevsky University | 601–650 | 601–650 | 45 | 31 | 45 | 31 | |
South Ural State University | 801–1000 | 801–1000 | 40 | 27 | 40 | 27 | |
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics | 801–1000 | 751–800 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | |
Southern Federal University | 531–540 | 541–550 | 44 | 31 | 44 | 31 | |
Voronezh State University | 801–1000 | 801–1000 | 45 | 30 | 45 | 30 | |
Number of respondents | - | - | 302 | 211 | 301 | 206 | |
India | Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham | 801–1000 | 801–1000 | 45 | 23 | 45 | 23 |
University of Calcutta | 801–1000 | 801–1000 | 41 | 26 | 41 | 26 | |
Banaras Hindu University | 801–1000 | 801–1000 | 55 | 33 | 53 | 30 | |
Anna University | 751–800 | 751–800 | 40 | 20 | 40 | 19 | |
Manipal Academy of Higher Education | 751–800 | 701–750 | 46 | 21 | 45 | 21 | |
Jamia Millia Islamia | 751–800 | 751–800 | 47 | 28 | 47 | 24 | |
Number of respondents | - | - | 274 | 151 | 271 | 143 | |
China | Beijing Foreign Studies University | 751–800 | 801–1000 | 64 | 31 | 60 | 29 |
Sichuan University | 601–650 | 601–650 | 72 | 38 | 72 | 37 | |
Lanzhou University | 601–650 | 751–800 | 63 | 28 | 62 | 24 | |
Southeast University | 511–520 | 501–510 | 68 | 30 | 66 | 29 | |
Beijing Jiaotong University | 751–800 | 701–750 | 62 | 32 | 59 | 32 | |
Number of respondents | - | - | 329 | 159 | 319 | 151 | |
South Africa | University of Kwazulu-Natal | 751–800 | 801–1000 | 54 | 28 | 54 | 26 |
Rhodes University | 801–1000 | 801–1000 | 48 | 20 | 48 | 20 | |
University of Johannesburg | 551–560 | 501–510 | 67 | 39 | 67 | 38 | |
University of Pretoria | 561–570 | 551–560 | 47 | 27 | 44 | 27 | |
University of the Western Cape | 801–1000 | 801–1000 | 48 | 29 | 48 | 29 | |
Number of respondents | - | - | 264 | 143 | 261 | 140 | |
Total number of respondents | - | - | 1426 | 830 | 1405 | 801 | |
2256 | 2206 |
Indicator | Significance Coefficient | Indicator | Significance Coefficient | Indicator | Significance Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SR2 | 0.03 | SR8 | 0.04 | SR12 | 0.07 |
SR3 | 0.09 | SR9 | 0.12 | SR13 | 0.11 |
SR4 | 0.05 | SR10 | 0.04 | SR14 | 0.02 |
SR6 | 0.10 | SR11 | 0.11 | SR17 | 0.08 |
SR7 | 0.14 |
Country | Level of the USR Indicator (IUSR) | Change in the USR Indicator | |
---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | ||
Brazil | 2.6 | 2.9 | 0.3 |
Russia | 3.0 | 3.3 | 0.3 |
India | 2.3 | 2.5 | 0.2 |
China | 3.7 | 4.2 | 0.5 |
South Africa | 2.8 | 3.0 | 0.2 |
Factor | Factor of Socially Responsible Management (FM) | Factor of Effectiveness of Communication between Universities and Stakeholders (FC) | Factor of Socially Oriented Students’ Learning (FL) | University Funding Factor (FF) | Factor of Universities’ Research Potential (FR) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor Eigenvalues | 3.35–8.05 | 2.22–6.89 | 1.62–3.92 | 1.24–2.48 | 1.01–1.07 | |
Indicators that Formed the Factor | FS9, FS10, FS12, FS21, FS23, FS25, FS27, FS11(B,R) * | FS1, FS2, FS15, FS16, FS24 | FS4, FS17–FS19, FS3(B) *, FS5(I) * | FS6–FS8, FS20 ** | FS13, FS14, FS22 | |
Percentage of Variance, % | ||||||
Brazil | 2019 | 36.77 | 21.14 | 20.18 | 9.11 | 5.20 |
2020 | 34.12 | 20.11 | 17.64 | 10.39 | 6.84 | |
Russia | 2019 | 38.15 | 19.84 | 15.86 | 10.42 | 6.21 |
2020 | 37.77 | 19.53 | 15.27 | 9.57 | 7.13 | |
India | 2019 | 30.49 | 22.47 | 20.19 | 10.11 | 8.31 |
2020 | 30.54 | 22.01 | 19.64 | 10.16 | 7.05 | |
China | 2019 | 33.94 | 29.12 | 14.58 | 10.49 | 4.27 |
2020 | 34.69 | 28.17 | 13.49 | 9.96 | 4.61 | |
South Africa | 2019 | 31.64 | 20.96 | 15.35 | 13.34 | 9.64 |
2020 | 30.24 | 23.98 | 15.42 | 14.12 | 7.50 |
Dependent Variables | Independent Variables | Regression Model Coefficients | Model Adequacy Indicators | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
An Empirical Value of Fisher’s Test | A Critical Value of Fisher’s Test at p = 0.05 | An Empirical Value of Student’s Test | A Critical Value of Student’s Test at p = 0.05 | |||
Brazil | ||||||
IUSR 1 | FM 2 | 1.21 | 43.65 | 2.23 | 7.3 | 1.96 |
FC 3 | 1.34 | 8.1 | ||||
FL 4 | 1.07 | 5.8 | ||||
FF 5 | 1.14 | 6.6 | ||||
FR 6 | 0.69 | 4.1 | ||||
Constant term | 1.55 | - | ||||
Russia | ||||||
IUSR | FM | 1.27 | 95.11 | 2.22 | 7.7 | 1.96 |
FC | 1.52 | 9.0 | ||||
FL | 0.65 | 3.6 | ||||
FF | 1.1 | 6.0 | ||||
FR | 1.01 | 5.6 | ||||
Constant term | 0.33 | - | ||||
India | ||||||
IUSR | FM | 1.3 | 50.16 | 2.23 | 7.0 | 1.96 |
FC | 1.35 | 7.5 | ||||
FL | 1.11 | 6.1 | ||||
FF | 1.21 | 6.6 | ||||
FR | 0.74 | 4.0 | ||||
Constant term | 1.42 | - | ||||
China | ||||||
IUSR | FM | 1.44 | 80.46 | 2.23 | 8.7 | 1.96 |
FC | 1.55 | 9.2 | ||||
FL | 0.34 | 1.9 | ||||
FF | 0.93 | 5.1 | ||||
FR | 0.95 | 5.7 | ||||
Constant term | 0.23 | - | ||||
South Africa | ||||||
IUSR | FM | 1.31 | 77.12 | 2.23 | 7.7 | 1.96 |
FC | 1.48 | 8.6 | ||||
FL | 0.73 | 4.0 | ||||
FF | 1.08 | 6.0 | ||||
FR | 0.82 | 4.9 | ||||
Constant term | 0.83 | - |
Country | Dependent Variables | Independent Variables | Regression Model Coefficients | Model Adequacy Indicators | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
An Empirical Value of Fisher’s Test | An Empirical Value of Student’s Test | ||||
Models of the impact of indicators of socially responsible management on USR development | |||||
Brazil | IUSR | FS9 | 0.65 | 70.12 | 7.7 |
FS10 | 0.47 | 5.5 | |||
FS11 | 0.45 | 5.2 | |||
FS12 | 0.76 | 8.9 | |||
FS21 | 0.51 | 6.2 | |||
FS23 | 0.62 | 7.0 | |||
FS25 | 0.48 | 5.6 | |||
FS27 | 0.49 | 5.8 | |||
Constant term | −10.9 | - | |||
Russia | IUSR | FS9 | 0.64 | 61.75 | 7.6 |
FS10 | 0.49 | 5.7 | |||
FS11 | 0.46 | 5.4 | |||
FS12 | 0.67 | 7.9 | |||
FS21 | 0.53 | 6.2 | |||
FS23 | 0.59 | 7.0 | |||
FS25 | 0.50 | 5.9 | |||
FS27 | 0.51 | 6.5 | |||
Constant term | −13.7 | - | |||
India | IUSR | FS9 | 0.55 | 86.19 | 6.4 |
FS10 | 0.43 | 4.9 | |||
FS12 | 0.59 | 7.2 | |||
FS21 | 0.47 | 5.5 | |||
FS23 | 0.52 | 6.1 | |||
FS25 | 0.45 | 5.3 | |||
FS27 | 0.45 | 5.0 | |||
Constant term | −7.60 | - | |||
China | IUSR | FS9 | 0.60 | 55.32 | 6.0 |
FS10 | 0.39 | 4.0 | |||
FS12 | 0.78 | 6.8 | |||
FS21 | 0.43 | 4.9 | |||
FS23 | 0.45 | 5.3 | |||
FS25 | 0.36 | 3.9 | |||
FS27 | 0.41 | 4.7 | |||
Constant term | −11.2 | - | |||
South Africa | IUSR | FS9 | 0.52 | 66.97 | 6.2 |
FS10 | 0.35 | 4.4 | |||
FS12 | 0.58 | 6.8 | |||
FS21 | 0.41 | 5.0 | |||
FS23 | 0.42 | 5.2 | |||
FS25 | 0.33 | 3.7 | |||
FS27 | 0.38 | 4.8 | |||
Constant term | −8.50 | - | |||
Models of the impact of university funding indicators on USR development | |||||
Brazil | IUSR | FS6 | 0.31 | 90.01 | 5.6 |
FS7 | 0.36 | 8.0 | |||
FS8 | 0.34 | 6.4 | |||
FS20 | 0.10 | 1.4 | |||
Constant term | 0.08 | - | |||
Russia | IUSR | FS6 | 0.30 | 73.19 | 4.3 |
FS7 | 0.31 | 4.6 | |||
FS8 | 0.29 | 3.2 | |||
FS20 | 0.19 | 1.8 | |||
Constant term | −0.39 | - | |||
India | IUSR | FS6 | 0.33 | 96.11 | 7.0 |
FS7 | 0.30 | 5.0 | |||
FS8 | 0.36 | 8.1 | |||
FS20 | 0.31 | 5.3 | |||
Constant term | −0.32 | - | |||
China | IUSR | FS6 | 0.11 | 98.35 | 3.0 |
FS7 | 0.19 | 5.3 | |||
FS8 | 0.26 | 5.9 | |||
FS20 | 0.52 | 10.4 | |||
Constant term | −0.42 | - | |||
South Africa | IUSR | FS6 | 0.24 | 50.47 | 3.2 |
FS7 | 0.3.0 | 4.9 | |||
FS8 | 0.34 | 5.5 | |||
FS20 | 0.18 | 1.8 | |||
Constant term | −0.66 | - |
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Rababah, A.; Nikitina, N.I.; Grebennikova, V.M.; Gardanova, Z.R.; Zekiy, A.O.; Ponkratov, V.V.; Bashkirova, N.N.; Kuznetsov, N.V.; Volkova, T.I.; Vasiljeva, M.V.; et al. University Social Responsibility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Universities’ Case in the BRICS Countries. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7035. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137035
Rababah A, Nikitina NI, Grebennikova VM, Gardanova ZR, Zekiy AO, Ponkratov VV, Bashkirova NN, Kuznetsov NV, Volkova TI, Vasiljeva MV, et al. University Social Responsibility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Universities’ Case in the BRICS Countries. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7035. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137035
Chicago/Turabian StyleRababah, Abedalqader, Natalya I. Nikitina, Veronica M. Grebennikova, Zhanna R. Gardanova, Angelina O. Zekiy, Vadim V. Ponkratov, Nadezhda N. Bashkirova, Nikolay V. Kuznetsov, Tatyana I. Volkova, Marina V. Vasiljeva, and et al. 2021. "University Social Responsibility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Universities’ Case in the BRICS Countries" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7035. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137035
APA StyleRababah, A., Nikitina, N. I., Grebennikova, V. M., Gardanova, Z. R., Zekiy, A. O., Ponkratov, V. V., Bashkirova, N. N., Kuznetsov, N. V., Volkova, T. I., Vasiljeva, M. V., Ivleva, M. I., & Elyakova, I. D. (2021). University Social Responsibility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Universities’ Case in the BRICS Countries. Sustainability, 13(13), 7035. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137035