Fostering Self-Protection against Impacts of Heavy Rain at the Municipal Level
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What is the current degree of municipal actors’ risk appraisal, perceived (collective/self) efficacy, and knowledge about adaptation measures?
- How do municipal actors dealing with heavy rain adaptation assess the effectiveness and realizability of selected structural measures and activating measures?
- How motivated are the municipal actors to implement activation and structural measures?
- What is the self-assessed implementation status of these measures in their municipality?
- How do their levels of risk appraisal, perceived efficacy, and knowledge correspond with their motivation to implement structural and activating measures?
- To what extent does the individual motivation to implement measures correspond with the assessed status of implementation within a particular municipality?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Method and Sample
2.2. Steps of Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Degree of Past Experiences Regarding Heavy Rainfall, Respondents’ Risk Perception, Perceived Efficacy, and Risk and Adaptation Knowledge
3.2. Assessment of the Effectiveness and Realizability of Structural Measures and Activating Measures
3.3. Motivation to Implement Structural and Activating Measures, Assessed Status of Implementation of Structural and Activating Measures, and Correspondence between Motivation and Implementation
3.4. Correlation of Independent and Dependent Variables
3.4.1. Correlation and Simple Regression Analyses
3.4.2. Multiple Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Operationalization |
---|---|
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES | |
Risk appraisal (R1–R2) | |
R1. Risk experience appraisal (+) | My municipality has already been affected by heavy rain events in the past. |
R2. Future risk appraisal (+) | My municipality will be strongly affected by heavy rain events in the upcoming years. |
Efficacy appraisal (E1–E4) | |
E1. Perceived efficacy of department (+) | My department (work area) can initiate effective protective measures regarding heavy rain/flooding. |
E2. Perceived collective efficacy (+) | Through joint action (government/citizens) we can implement effective measures against damage from heavy rain/flooding in our municipality. |
E3. Perceived efficacy of self-protective measures by private households (+ activation) | Activating private households to undertake self-protective measures, I think is very effective for preventing damages from heavy rain. |
E4. Perceived efficacy of structural measures (also to protect households) (− activation) | Protective measures against heavy rain/flooding by governmental actors are sufficient also to protect private households from flood-related damages. |
Realizability appraisal (F1) | |
F1. Perceived realizability of activating private households(+ activation) | Activating private households to undertake self-protective measures, I think is very realizable by my work department. |
Responsibility appraisal (Res1–Res2) | |
Res1. Perceived governmental responsibility (+ structural; − activation) | It is mainly with the responsibility of governmental bodies to implement measures against heavy rain/flooding. |
Res2. Perceived private responsibility (+ activation) | Private households are also highly responsible to implement measures against heavy rain/flooding. |
Knowledge appraisal (K1–K2) | |
K1. Perceived risk knowledge (+) | I have extensive knowledge regarding the potential threats to my municipality by heavy rain events. |
K2. Perceived adaptation knowledge (+) | I have extensive knowledge regarding my department’s (work area) possibilities to foster/implement protection against heavy rain/flooding. |
DEPENDENT VARIABLES (D1.1–D2.2) | |
D1.1 Individual motivation activation | I am motivated to implement measures with my work department aiming at the activation of private households for taking self-protective measures. |
D2.1 Individual motivation structural measures | I am motivated to implement regulative or structural measures for avoiding damage from heavy rainfall at the municipal level with my work department. |
D1.2 Municipal implementation activation | In my municipality many measures aiming at the activation of private households for taking self-protective measures have already been implemented. |
D2.2 Municipal implementation structural measures | In my municipality many heavy-rainfall-related regulative or structural measures for avoiding damage from heavy rainfall have already been implemented. |
Activating Measures * | Structural Measures |
---|---|
ACT1. Model houses regarding heavy rain events: Activation of selected private households in different neighborhoods that implement exemplary self-protective measures ACT 2. Hazard maps for heavy rain events, showing citizens whether their property is within an area at risk of flooding ACT 3. Indicating areas at risk in heavy rain events in land-use plans. ACT 4. Charts indicating responsibilities as to planning/municipal precautions and self-protection. ACT5. Flood pass: Risk assessment of private property including information on self-protective measures ACT6. Information brochures for private households, including information on heavy-rain-related risks and self-protective measures ACT7. Information brochures for those authorized to present building documents, encouraging the promotion of self-protective measures when in touch with house builders ACT8. Municipal consultation, offering citizens information on potential risks and self-protective measures. ACT9. Standards for house builders in development areas (e.g., regarding sealing) ACT10. Standards for the owners of existing buildings to install backflow flaps ACT11. Photographic documentation of past regional flood damages ACT12. Higher standards in reconstruction or expansion plans for existing buildings and for new buildings | STRUC1. De-central infiltration and evaporation STRUC2. Central infiltration STRUC3. Protection of and creation of retention areas STRUC4. (Partial) unsealing of sealed surfaces STRUC5. Retention of discharge peaks in or on buildings in water reservoirs STRUC6. Multifunction use of traffic areas and open spaces (rain detention) STRUC7. Greening of rooftops STRUC8. Construction of detention basins STRUC9. Reactivation of former ditches and watercourses STRUC10. Above-ground drainage of rainwater STRUC11. Emergency drainage via streets and walkways STRUC12. Avoiding discharge of rainwater from agricultural areas into sewage water system and residential areas STRUC13. Systematic drainage of runoff water in the outskirts of the community and erosion protection STRUC14. A concept for water sensitive planning and development tailored to the municipals’ needs, serving as a guideline for action by municipal actors. STRUC15. Legally binding standards for the Town and Country Planning Code |
Individual Motivation to Implement Activating Measures (D1.1) | Individual Motivation to Implement Structural Meas. (D2.1) | Assessed Status of Implementation of Activating Measures in Municipality (D1.2) | Assessed Status of Implementation of Structural Measures in Municipality (D2.2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
D1.1 | - | |||
D2.1 | 0.38 ** | - | ||
D1.2 | 0.35 ** | 0.26 * | - | |
D2.2 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.41 ** | - |
Individual Motivation to Implement Activating Measures (D1.1) | Individual Motivation to Implement Structural Meas. (D2.1) | Ass. Status of Implementation of Activating Measures in Municipality (D1.2) *** | Ass. Status of Implementation of Structural Measures in Municipality (D2.2) *** | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ATTITUDES, BELIEFS, and KNOWLEDGE | ||||
Risk appraisal | ||||
R1. Risk experience appraisal | 0.06/0.00 | 0.14/0.02 | 0.08/0.01 | 0.22 */0.05 |
R2. Future risk appraisal | 0.19/0.04 | 0.01/0.00 | 0.26 */0.07 * | 0.16/0.03 |
Efficacy appraisal | ||||
E1. Perceived efficacy of department regarding implementation of protective measures (heavy rain) | 0.26 */0.07 * | 0.26 */0.07 * | 0.17/0.03 | 0.06/0.00 |
E2. Perceived collective efficacy | 0.27 */0.08 * | 0.19/0.04 | 0.21 */0.04 | −0.10/0.01 |
E3. Perceived efficacy of activating private households (general) | 0.37 **/0.14 ** | 0.07/0.01 | 0.14/0.02 | −0.06/0.00 |
E4. Perceived efficiency of structural measures | −0.20/0.04 | 0.12/0.01 | −0.15/0.02 | −0.06/0.00 |
Realizability appraisal | ||||
F1. Perceived realizability of activating private households (+ activation) | 0.62 **/0.38 ** | 0.29 **/0.08 * | 0.47 **/0.22 ** | −0.02/0.00 |
Responsibility appraisal | ||||
Res1. Perceived governmental responsibility: mainly government | −0.16/0.03 | 0.18/0.03 | −0.15/0.02 | 0.08/0.01 |
Res2. Perceived private responsibility: households also highly responsible | 0.43 **/0.18 ** | −0.04/0.00 | −0.11/0.01 | −0.21 */0.04 |
Knowledge appraisal | ||||
K1. Perceived risk knowledge | 0.49 **/0.24 ** | 0.25 */0.06 | 0.42 **/0.17 ** | 0.30 **/0.09 * |
K2. Perceived adaptation knowledge | 0.42 **/0.18 ** | 0.42 **/0.17 ** | 0.45 **/0.20 ** | 0.21 */0.04 |
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Werg, J.L.; Grothmann, T.; Löchtefeld, S. Fostering Self-Protection against Impacts of Heavy Rain at the Municipal Level. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137019
Werg JL, Grothmann T, Löchtefeld S. Fostering Self-Protection against Impacts of Heavy Rain at the Municipal Level. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137019
Chicago/Turabian StyleWerg, Jana Lorena, Torsten Grothmann, and Stefan Löchtefeld. 2021. "Fostering Self-Protection against Impacts of Heavy Rain at the Municipal Level" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137019