Characterizing Regenerative Aspects of Living Root Bridges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Living Root Bridges—The State of Knowledge
1.2. Beyond Sustainability—Regenerative Development and Design
1.3. Main Aim of This Research
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Developing an Appropriate Metric Tool
2.2. Selected Flows
3. Results
3.1. Overview of Results
3.2. LENSES Rubrics Evaluation Results
3.2.1. Beauty
- Ecological Beauty: Clearly Regenerative
- Era: Contradictory, regenerative aspects predominate, degenerative aspects are present
- Emotion and Sensory: Clearly regenerative with minor sustainable and degenerative aspects
3.2.2. Community
- Defining Community: Clearly regenerative with some slightly degenerative aspects
- Community Engagement: Clearly regenerative
- Honor and Opportunity: Clearly regenerative
3.2.3. Ecosystems
- Compatibility: Clearly regenerative
- Productivity: Clearly regenerative
- Diversity: Sustainable with some regenerative and potentially degenerative aspects
- Adaptability: Mainly regenerative
3.2.4. Education
- Information and Skills Transfer: Regenerative as well as sustainable aspects
- Relationships: Sustainable
3.2.5. Health and Wellbeing
- Physical, Mental, and Spiritual Balance: Regenerative with degenerative aspects
- Equity and Inclusivity: Contradictory with regenerative and degenerative aspects
- Healthy Lifestyles: Contradictory, strongly regenerative, but also highly degenerative aspects
- Outdoor Comfort and Microclimate: Somewhat regenerative
3.2.6. Land Use
- Natural Land: Highly regenerative
- Building Land: Highly regenerative
- Productive Land: Regenerative with some contradictions
3.2.7. Materials
- Elegant Simplicity: Regenerative
- Health and Wellbeing: Contradictory with regenerative and degenerative aspects
- Environment: Highly regenerative
- Region: Highly regenerative
3.2.8. Governance
- Proportional Voices: Regenerative with degenerative aspects
- Opportunities for Change: Contradictory with degenerative aspects dominating
3.2.9. Time and History
- Historical Narrative: Contradictory with degenerative and regenerative aspects
- Usability in Time: Mixed regenerative and degenerative aspects
4. Discussion
4.1. Suitability of LENSES Rubrics for This Study
4.2. Discussion of Comparable Methodological Approaches
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Traditional Use | Minor Tourism Use | Major Tourism Use | |
---|---|---|---|
Few changes to the bridge or surrounding community or landscape due to tourism. Aside from tourism, changes in land use (to monoculture cropland), building materials (steel and concrete), and other technologies (cell phones) can significantly change perspectives | Some changes due to tourism, particularly reinforcement and maintenance of bridges, maintenance of paths, basic amenities prepared for visitors | Major changes in the bridge can include reinforcement with steel or concrete or damage by overuse. Landscape changes include clearing of nearby forests, new paths and roads built to the bridge, and increased litter. Community change include replacement of traditional incomes by tourism, improved connection to electricity grid and higher incomes. | |
Arch Bridge Darrang 1 Darrang Broken Diengsiar 1 Halfway Nongbareh Kudeng Rim 5, 8 Laitiam 1,2 Long Ti Uyiang Lyngsteng 1Mawkliaw 1,2 Mawlam 3 Mawshken 1 Nongbareh 1 Nongpriang 3 N’thymmai Old Pdei Kongtim 1 Rimai Bridge Rymmai 1 | Rynsiet Sohkhmi 1 Suktia 1 Thangkyrta 1,2 Tynrong 1 Tyrngei 1 Wah Kdal Wah Lar Ung Lyngkhen Wah Lynseng Shoh Klea Wah Soh Mad Wah Soh Shiat Wah Spit Wah Surah Tiah Long Wah Tumbai Um Thliem | Burma 1 Iar Soh Liang Kongthong 2 Kongthong 3 Kudeng Double Decker Niah Li Bridge Rangthylliang 4 Rangthylliang 5 Rangthylliang 6 Rangthylliang 7 Rangthylliang 8 Ummonoi Wah Amlohmar Wah Koh La 1 Wah Kol La 2 | Nongriat Double-Decker Mawkyrnot Long Bridge Mawsaw Hybrid Mawsaw Old Nongriat Access Nongthymmai 1 Nongthymmai 2 Nongthymmai 3 Rangthylliang/Mawkyrnot 2 Siej Wah Thyllong |
Rangthylliang 1,2,3,10,11,12,13 Nongbah/Mawshuit1 Wah Matieh Lower & Upper |
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Middleton, W.; Habibi, A.; Shankar, S.; Ludwig, F. Characterizing Regenerative Aspects of Living Root Bridges. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3267. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083267
Middleton W, Habibi A, Shankar S, Ludwig F. Characterizing Regenerative Aspects of Living Root Bridges. Sustainability. 2020; 12(8):3267. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083267
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiddleton, Wilfrid, Amin Habibi, Sanjeev Shankar, and Ferdinand Ludwig. 2020. "Characterizing Regenerative Aspects of Living Root Bridges" Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3267. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083267