Dynamic Modeling for Life Cycle Cost Analysis of BIM-Based Construction Waste Management
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. BIM in CWM
2.2. SD Approach in CWM
3. System Dynamic Model Development
3.1. Model and Variable Descriptions
3.2. Causal Loop Diagram
3.3. Stock-Flow Diagram
3.4. SD Model Pilot Test
4. Simulation Results
4.1. Running Baseline Scenario
4.2. Scenario A: Time Taken for Accepting the Risk of Investment
4.3. Scenario B: Percentage of Modular Building Elements
4.4. Scenario C: Landfill Charge
5. Case Study Validation
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Parameters | Equations |
---|---|
EItIB | SMOOTH(1–Ratio of CBoBIM to the CBoC, TNSARI) |
Ratio of CBoBIM to the CBoC | 1 – CBoBIM/CBoC |
PoMBE | DELAY1( IF THEN ELSE(EItIB <= 0.2, IF THEN ELSE(EItIB <= 0.15, IF THEN ELSE( EItIB <= 0.1, 30, 50), 75), 95), 10) |
RWGFCSA | (1 – PoMBE/100) × wPL |
ANoDC | IF THEN ELSE("3BVS" <= 80, IF THEN ELSE( "3BVS" <= 65, IF THEN ELSE("3BVS" <= 50, 0.5 ×ANoC, 0.65 × ANoC), 0.8 × ANoC), ANoC) |
CBoBIM | (+Sorting Cost + RC + RyC + Deconstruction Cost + 0.05 × Cost of Landfilling + MC – Total Profit of Selling materials) |
CBoC | (0.95 × Cost of Landfilling + Demolition Cost) |
Changing regulation | SMOOTH( IF THEN ELSE(NSR <= 80, IF THEN ELSE(NSR <= 60, IF THEN ELSE(NSR <= 40, IF THEN ELSE(NSR <= 20, 1, 5), 20), 20), 25), 6) |
Cost of landfilling | Lu × Landfilled Materials |
Deconstruction viability | (DCP + PoMBE)/2 × 0.01 |
Deconstruction cost | DcCu × "Waste Generated (Dc)" |
Demolition cost | DmCu × "Waste Generated (Dm)" |
Disposing | (pID) × "Waste Generated (Dm)" × 0.005 |
DmCu | 4 |
Efficiency of recycling | PoMBE × 0.01 |
EItIB | SMOOTH(1 – Ratio of CBoBIM to the CBoC, TNSARI) |
Environmental emissions | DELAY1( Illegal dumped waste, 24) |
FINAL TIME | 108 |
Illegal dumped waste | Initial value: 1000 |
Illegal dumping | MAX( pID × "Waste Generated (Dm)" × 0.005, 50) |
ItDE | IF THEN ELSE(Regulation <= 80, IF THEN ELSE(Regulation <= 60, IF THEN ELSE(Regulation <= 40, 0.6 × Deconstruction Viability, 0.8 × Deconstruction Viability), 0.9 × Deconstruction Viability), Deconstruction Viability) |
ItDI | IF THEN ELSE(Lu <= 180,IF THEN ELSE(Lu <= 160, IF THEN ELSE(Lu <= 140, IF THEN ELSE(Lu <= 120, IF THEN ELSE(Lu <= 100, (90 – 0.9 × Regulation) × 0.01, (90 – 0.8 × Regulation) × 0.01), (90 – 0.7 × Regulation) × 0.01), (90 – 0.6 × Regulation) × 0.01), (90 – 0.5 × Regulation) × 0.01), (90 – 0.4 × Regulation) × 0.01) |
ItSW | IF THEN ELSE(Regulation <= 90, IF THEN ELSE(Regulation <= 75, IF THEN ELSE(Regulation <= 50, 0.5 × EItIB, 1 × EItIB), 1.5 × EItIB), 2 × EItIB) |
KNiDfD | 100 – (80/(0.1 × Time + 1)) |
Landfilled materials | Disposing + "Sorting (l)" |
Lu | 180 |
MC | MCu × "Waste Generated (m)" |
MCu | 125 |
ML | DELAY3( (0.01*DCP + EItIB)/2, 10) |
MQ | IF THEN ELSE(ML <= 0.5, IF THEN ELSE(ML <= 0.4, IF THEN ELSE(ML <= 0.3, IF THEN ELSE(ML <= 0.15, 0.05, 0.15), 0.25), 0.35), 0.4) |
NSR | SMOOTH3I(Public Complaints, 10, 90) |
pID | ItDI × 100 |
POA | DCP × 0.01 |
PoDC | ANoDC/ANoC |
PoIUC | SMOOTH( 100 – "3BVS", 2) |
PoMBE | DELAY1( IF THEN ELSE(EItIB <= 0.2, IF THEN ELSE(EItIB <= 0.15, IF THEN ELSE( EItIB <= 0.1, 30, 50), 75), 95), 10) |
PoROM | KNiDfD/100 |
pRecycling | 0.96 – pReusing |
pReusing | IF THEN ELSE(MQ <= 5, IF THEN ELSE(MQ <= 4, IF THEN ELSE(MQ <= 3, IF THEN ELSE(MQ <= 2, 0.05, 0.15), 0.25), 0.35), 0.4) |
PSRu | 150 |
PSRyu | 100 |
Public complaints | IF THEN ELSE(Public dissatisfaction <= 0.6, IF THEN ELSE( Public dissatisfaction <= 0.45, IF THEN ELSE(Public dissatisfaction <= 0.3, IF THEN ELSE(Public dissatisfaction <= 0.2, IF THEN ELSE(Public dissatisfaction <= 0.1, 10,20),35),50),65),80) |
Public dissatisfaction | SMOOTH3( TREND(Environmental Emissions, 1, 1),4) |
Ratio of CBoBIM to the CBoC | 1 – CBoBIM/CBoC |
RC | Unit cost of Reusing × Reused waste |
RCu | 90 |
Recycled waste | Recycling |
Recycling | Sorted waste × Efficiency of Recycling × pRecycling |
Regulation | SMOOTH( Changing Regulation × 0.1, 6) |
Reusing | Sorted waste × pReusing |
RVRbBDO | wDO × (1 – PoROM) |
RWGFCSA | (1 – PoMBE/100) × wPL |
RWGtCE | (1 – PoDC) × wCE |
RWGtCOR | wCO × COR |
RWGtLOO | wAO × (1 – POA) |
RyC | Recycled waste × RCu |
SCu | 30 |
Sorted waste | "Sorting (C)" + "Sorting (D)" + "Sorting (M)" – Recycling – Reusing – "Sorting (l)" |
"Sorting (C)" | ItSW × "Waste Generated (c)" × 0.01 |
"Sorting (D)" | ItSW × "Waste Generated (Dc)" × 0.01 |
"Sorting (l)" | Sorted waste × 0.04 |
"Sorting (M)" | "Waste Generated (m)" × ItSW × 0.01 |
Sorting Cost | Sorted waste × SCu |
The volume of the buildings | 10,000 |
Total profit of selling materials | Recycled waste × PSRyu + PSRu × Reused waste |
wAO | 10 |
Unit cost of reusing | 70 |
"Waste generated (c)" | WGC – "Sorting (C)" |
"Waste generated (Dc)" | WGDc – "Sorting (D)" |
"Waste generated (Dm)" | WGDm – Disposing-Illegal Dumping |
"Waste generated (m)" | WGM – "Sorting (M)" |
wCE | 10 |
wCO | 10 |
wDO | 20 |
WGC | The Volume of The Buildings × 0.1 × WROiC |
WGDc | The Volume of The Buildings × ItDE |
WGDm | The Volume of The Buildings × (1 – ItDE) |
WGM | (1 – ML) × The Volume of The Buildings × 0.01 |
wPL | 50 |
WROiC | SMOOTH( (RWGFCSA + RWGtCOR + RVRbBDO + RWGtCE + RWGtLOO) × 0.01, 2) |
"3BVS" | IF THEN ELSE(EItIB <= 0.25, IF THEN ELSE(EItIB <= 0.15, IF THEN ELSE(EItIB <= 0.05, 20, 0.7 × KNiDfD), 0.85 × KNiDfD), KNiDfD) |
IF THEN ELSE(LOD <= 5, IF THEN ELSE(LOD <= 4, IF THEN ELSE(LOD <= 3, IF THEN ELSE( LOD <= 2, 40, 50),65), 80), 95) |
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Principle | Reference |
---|---|
Avoiding toxic materials | Macozoma [28] |
Using high-durability materials | Tingley and Davison [29] |
Using the minimum number of connections | Fishbein [30] |
Retaining building information | Macozoma [28] |
Using reusable and recyclable materials | Macozoma [28] |
Using bolts in joints instead of welding | Chini and Balachandran [31] |
Using prefabricated materials | Jaillon et al. [15] |
Avoiding nails and adhesives | Jaillon et al. [15] |
Variable | Abbreviation | Reference |
---|---|---|
3D Building information modeling (BIM) visualization services | 3BVS | Elmaraghy et al. [40] |
Average number of clashes | ANoC | Won et al. [20] |
Average number of detected clashes | ANoDC | Won et al. [20] |
Cost–benefits of using BIM in construction waste management (CWM) | CBoBIM | |
Cost–benefits of conventional CWM | CBoC | Yuan et al. [10] |
Change order requests | COR | Jalaei et al. [12] |
Data capturing potential | DCP | Elmaraghy et al. [40] |
Demolition cost per unit | DmCu | |
Deconstruction cost per unit | DuCu | |
Economic incentive to implement BIM | EItIB | Yuan et al. [10] |
Incentive to deconstruct elements | ItDE | Jalaei et al. [12] |
Incentive to dump illegally | ItDI | Yuan [1] |
Incentive to sort waste | ItSW | Yuan et al. [10] |
Level of detail | LOD | Cheng and Ma [41] |
Landfill charge per unit | Lu | |
Maintenance cost | MC | Jalaei et al. [12] |
Maintenance cost per unit | MCu | |
Maintenance level | ML | Arditi and Nawakorawit [42] |
Maintenance quality | MQ | Arditi and Nawakorawit [42] |
Need to strengthen regulations | NSR | Yuan [1] |
Percent of illegal dumping | pID | |
Purchase order accuracy | POA | Elmaraghy et al. [40] |
Possibility of detecting clashes | PoDC | |
Possibility of introducing unnecessary changes | PoIUC | Jalaei et al. [12] |
Percent of modular buildings elements | PoMBE | |
Potential to reduce overall materials use through design optimization | PoROM | Jalaei et al. [12] |
Percent of materials to recycle | pRecycle | |
Percent of materials to reuse | pReuse | |
Price for selling reused materials per unit | PSRu | |
Price for selling recycled materials per unit | PSRyu | |
Reuse cost | RC | Yuan et al. [10] |
Recycling cost per unit | RCu | |
Rate of volume reduction by building design optimization | RVRbBDO | |
Rate of waste generation from construction site activities | RWGFCSA | |
Rate of waste generation to rate of clashing elements | RWGtCE | |
Rate of Waste generation to change order requests | RWGtCOR | |
Rate of waste generation through loss and over-ordering | RWGtLOO | |
Recycling cost | RyC | Yuan et al. [10] |
Sorting cost per unit | SCu | |
Knowledge needs for design of deconstruction | SNiDfD | Jalaei et al. [12] |
Time needed for stakeholders to accept the risk of investment | TNSARI | Miles and Wilson [43] |
Weight of design optimization | wDO | |
Waste generation from construction process | WGC | Jalaei et al. [12] |
Waste generation from deconstruction at the end of building life | WGDc | Jalaei et al. [12] |
Waste generation dumped to landfill at the end of building life | WGDm | Yuan et al. [10] |
Waste generation from maintenance process | WGM | Jalaei et al. [12] |
Waste reduction potential in construction | WRPiC | Jalaei et al. [12] |
Material (unit) | BIM-Based CWM in Building Close | Conventional CWM in Building Close | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recycling Cost (A) | Deconstruction Cost (B) | Landfill Cost (C) | Profit from Selling (D) | Profit E (D −( A + B + C)) | Demolition Cost (B) | Landfill Charge (C) | Profit from Selling (D) | Profit E (D − (B + C)) | |
Concrete (m3) | 133,320.86 | 90,901.66 | 57,951.88 | 19,490.96 | −262,683.00 | 58,924.14 | 260,783.50 | −319,708.00 | |
Rebar (ton) | 568.87 | 90.98 | 2924.50 | 2264.64 | 2843.26 | 4061.80 | 1218.54 | ||
Structure metal (ton) | 144,357.19 | 4042.00 | 424,410.15 | 276,011.00 | 92,499.65 | 5285.69 | 184,999.30 | 87,213.96 | |
Gypsum (ton) | 18,058.09 | 159,706.39 | 2223.12 | 231,522.17 | 51,534.56 | 1261.94 | 41,846.98 | −43,108.90 | |
Door wood (Ea./m2) | 14,231.16 | 16,946.00 | 8679.55 | 110,216.61 | 70,359.88 | 7694.40 | 1822.33 | −5872.06 | |
Door aluminum (m2/m3) | 2476.60 | 2405.00 | 272.50 | 11,700.00 | 6545.88 | 1092.00 | 2725.06 | −3817.07 | |
Window (m2) | 83.76 | 333.00 | 9.67 | 364.5 | −61.94 | 188.75 | 96.76 | −285.52 | |
window (Ea.) | 4504.18 | 16,650.00 | 2979.70 | 16,200.00 | −7933.89 | ||||
Clay ceramic (m2) | 52.29 | 43,156.68 | −43,209.00 | 43,156.68 | 34,941.80 | −78,098.50 | |||
Pipes (m) | 5321.08 | −5321.09 | |||||||
Plumbing (Ea.) | 10,018.50 | 30,000.00 | 4.48 | 57,375.00 | 17,352.01 | 63,750.00 | 44.89 | −63,794.90 | |
Cabinet (Ea./m2) | 15,627.89 | 3834.00 | 1036.61 | 9720.00 | −10,778.50 | 3834.00 | 10,366.18 | −14,200.20 | |
Lighting fixture | 79,317.09 | 6.79 | 7866.00 | −71,457.90 | 67.94 | −67.94 | |||
Railing (m) | 718.50 | 866.14 | 4063.50 | 2478.85 | 866.14 | 135.00 | −731.14 | ||
Ducts (ton) | 94,783.61 | 62,040.18 | −32,743.40 | 94,783.61 | 10,943.65 | −105,727.00 | |||
Blue stone (m2) | 4036.80 | 7297.86 | 24,234.67 | 70,991.14 | 35,421.80 | 7297.86 | 242,346.70 | −249,645.00 | |
Brick (m2) | 23,625.72 | 294,207.10 | 4940.84 | 113,974.86 | −208,799.00 | 226,398.43 | 49,408.48 | −275,807.00 | |
Total | 226,754.39 | 990,651.72 | 106,472.90 | 1,142,859.60 | −181,019.00 | 631,544.67 | 676,563.40 | 191,018.44 | −1,117,089.70 |
Material (Unit) | Construction Phase | Maintenance and Operation Phase | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-BIM | BIM | Non-BIM | BIM | |||||
CWM Cost | Clash Detection | Change Order | Construction Waste Cost | Maintenance Cost | Average Life Time | Maintenance Cost | Average Life Time | |
Concrete (m3) | −28,975.93 | −3.18 | ||||||
Rebar (ton) | −121.85 | |||||||
Structure metal (ton) | −5663.24 | |||||||
Gypsum (ton) | −418.46 | −4163.65 | −222.31 | −27,224.45 | 75 | −23,673.43 | 25 | |
Door wood (Ea./m2) | −35,577.92 | 30 | ||||||
Door aluminum (m2/m3) | −6191.51 | 30 | ||||||
Window (m2) | −209.41 | 30 | ||||||
window (Ea.) | 33 | −559.72 | 30 | |||||
Clay ceramic (m2) | −655.15 | −118,291.07 | 50 | |||||
Pipes (m) | −493.26 | |||||||
Plumbing (Ea.) | −15,155.28 | 25 | −29,144.76 | 13 | ||||
Cabinet (Ea./m2) | −10,797.38 | 38 | ||||||
Lighting fixture | −0.67 | −39,761.25 | 38 | |||||
Railing (m) | ||||||||
Ducts (ton) | −109.43 | −19,455.4 | ||||||
Blue stone (m2) | −45,018.75 | 30 | −105,133 | 10 | ||||
Brick (m2) | −12,117.33 | −721.27 | ||||||
Concrete (m3) | 2470.42 | −8847.76 | ||||||
Total | −45,591.69 | −19,948.7 | −13,735.9 | −222.31 | −87,398.48 | −369,339.48 |
Cost Descriptions (Units: $) | BIM-Based CWM | Conventional CWM |
---|---|---|
Total recycling and preparation Cost (A) | −226,754.40 | |
Total deconstruction cost (B) | −990,651.70 | −631,544.70 |
Total landfill cost (C) | −106,472.90 | −676,563.40 |
Total waste cost during construction (D) | −222.31 | |
Total maintenance cost (E) | −369.339.48 | −79,276.29 |
Total life cycle cost (F = A + B + C + D +E) | −1,693,440.79 | −1,474,782.87 |
Profit from selling (G) | 1,142,860.00 | 191,018.40 |
Total cost after selling (H = G + F) | −550,580.79 | −1,283,764.47 |
Total cost per Square Foot ($/S.F.) | −4.32 | −10.06 |
Percent of cost savings | 0.57 (57%) |
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Zoghi, M.; Kim, S. Dynamic Modeling for Life Cycle Cost Analysis of BIM-Based Construction Waste Management. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2483. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062483
Zoghi M, Kim S. Dynamic Modeling for Life Cycle Cost Analysis of BIM-Based Construction Waste Management. Sustainability. 2020; 12(6):2483. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062483
Chicago/Turabian StyleZoghi, Milad, and Sungjin Kim. 2020. "Dynamic Modeling for Life Cycle Cost Analysis of BIM-Based Construction Waste Management" Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2483. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062483
APA StyleZoghi, M., & Kim, S. (2020). Dynamic Modeling for Life Cycle Cost Analysis of BIM-Based Construction Waste Management. Sustainability, 12(6), 2483. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062483