In-Situ Yeast Fermentation to Enhance Bioconversion of Coconut Endosperm Waste into Larval Biomass of Hermetia illucens: Statistical Augmentation of Larval Lipid Content
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Coconut Endosperm Waste
2.2. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL)
2.3. Rearing of BSFL Using CEW Inoculated with Yeast
2.4. Growth Performance of BSFL
2.5. Treatment of CEW Via Reduction by BSFL
2.6. Biochemical Analysis
2.6.1. Lipid Solvent Extraction
2.6.2. Transesterification and FAME Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. BSFL Growth through Rearing at Different Yeast Concentrations
3.2. Lipid and Biodiesel from BSFL
3.3. Waste Reduction of CEW by BSFL
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fatty Acid Methyl Ester | This Study | BSFL Reared with Food Waste [8] | Chlorella vulgaris [31] | Jatropha [31] | Palm [31] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C10:0 | 1.3 ± 0.06 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
C12:0 | 66.0 ± 1.44 | 44.9 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
C14:0 | 14.4 ± 0.12 | 8.3 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 1.22 |
C14:1 | 1.4 ± 0.01 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
C15:0 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
C16:0 | 6.6 ± 0.57 | 13.5 | 6 | 13.4 | 47.9 |
C16:1 | 2.2 ± 0.15 | 2.4 | 16.4 | 0.8 | 0.04 |
C17:0 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
C18:0 | 0.4 ± 0.09 | 2.1 | 10.3 | 6.4 | 4.23 |
C18:1 | 5.6 ± 0.45 | 12.0 | 26.5 | 36.5 | 37 |
C18:2 | 2.3 ± 0.22 | 9.9 | n/a | 42.1 | 9.07 |
C18:3 | n/a | 0.1 | 20.8 | 0.3 | 0.26 |
Yeast Concentration (wt %) | Overall Degradation (%) | Waste Reduction Index (g/day) |
---|---|---|
0 | 48.10 ± 0.39 | 0.31 ± 0.02 |
0.02 | 47.87 ± 0.95 | 0.33 ± 0.02 |
0.1 | 47.79 ± 1.27 | 0.34 ± 0.01 |
0.5 | 50.80 ± 0.73 | 0.38 ± 0.01 |
1.0 | 48.94 ± 0.07 | 0.36 ± 0.02 |
2.5 | 53.43 ± 1.62 | 0.40 ± 0.01 |
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Wong, C.Y.; Mohd Aris, M.N.; Daud, H.; Lam, M.K.; Yong, C.S.; Abu Hasan, H.; Chong, S.; Show, P.L.; Hajoeningtijas, O.D.; Ho, Y.C.; et al. In-Situ Yeast Fermentation to Enhance Bioconversion of Coconut Endosperm Waste into Larval Biomass of Hermetia illucens: Statistical Augmentation of Larval Lipid Content. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041558
Wong CY, Mohd Aris MN, Daud H, Lam MK, Yong CS, Abu Hasan H, Chong S, Show PL, Hajoeningtijas OD, Ho YC, et al. In-Situ Yeast Fermentation to Enhance Bioconversion of Coconut Endosperm Waste into Larval Biomass of Hermetia illucens: Statistical Augmentation of Larval Lipid Content. Sustainability. 2020; 12(4):1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041558
Chicago/Turabian StyleWong, Chung Yiin, Muhammad Naeim Mohd Aris, Hanita Daud, Man Kee Lam, Ching Seong Yong, Hadura Abu Hasan, Siewhui Chong, Pau Loke Show, Oetami Dwi Hajoeningtijas, Yeek Chia Ho, and et al. 2020. "In-Situ Yeast Fermentation to Enhance Bioconversion of Coconut Endosperm Waste into Larval Biomass of Hermetia illucens: Statistical Augmentation of Larval Lipid Content" Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041558