Bootstrap ARDL Test on the Relationship among Trade, FDI, and CO2 Emissions: Based on the Experience of BRICS Countries
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Department of Finance, School of Finance, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
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Department of Finance, School of Finance, Tongling University, Tongling 244061, China
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School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Department of Finance, School of Finance, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan 430205, China
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Economics School, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2020, 12(3), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031060
Received: 8 November 2019
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Revised: 26 January 2020
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Accepted: 28 January 2020
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Published: 2 February 2020
We used the Bootstrap Autoregressive Distributed Lagged Model (ARDL) method to test the relationship among BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries’ trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and CO2 emissions. We found that Brazil’s CO2 emissions and FDI have a cointegration relationship with the trade on the lag of one-period. Russia and India and CO2 emissions and trade have a cointegration relationship with FDI on the lag of one-period. In the long-term, Brazil’s FDI has a long-term causal relationship with the trade on the lag of one-period. The trade between Russia and India has a long-term causal relationship with FDI on the lag of one-period. Among other BRICS variables, Russian trade and FDI on the lag of one-period of CO2 emissions and FDI and CO2 emissions are on the lag of one-period on trade, which McNown et al. mentioned is the degeneration case #1 in their paper; while China’s trade and FDI on the lag of one-period of CO2 emissions is the country of degeneration case #2. When we examined short-term causality, we found that CO2 emissions showed a causal relationship with trade, while FDI and CO2 emissions were less pronounced. Trade has a positive causal relationship with FDI. These variables are different in different situations and in different countries. These results should be related to BRICS countries’ FDI, international trade development, and their different CO2 emission policies.
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Keywords:
global emission reduction; trade; FDI; BRICS countries; Bootstrap ARDL
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Externally hosted supplementary file 1
Doi: doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0129.v1
MDPI and ACS Style
He, F.; Chang, K.-C.; Li, M.; Li, X.; Li, F. Bootstrap ARDL Test on the Relationship among Trade, FDI, and CO2 Emissions: Based on the Experience of BRICS Countries. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031060
AMA Style
He F, Chang K-C, Li M, Li X, Li F. Bootstrap ARDL Test on the Relationship among Trade, FDI, and CO2 Emissions: Based on the Experience of BRICS Countries. Sustainability. 2020; 12(3):1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031060
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Fumei, Ke-Chiun Chang, Min Li, Xueping Li, and Fangjhy Li. 2020. "Bootstrap ARDL Test on the Relationship among Trade, FDI, and CO2 Emissions: Based on the Experience of BRICS Countries" Sustainability 12, no. 3: 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031060
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