Young People’s Perceptions about the Difficulties of Entrepreneurship and Developing Rural Properties in Family Agriculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- This article contributes to the scientific knowledge in the sociological field by revealing how young people from rural areas in the mentioned region relate to the difficulties they face and, thus, allows us to imagine how they can be minimized. The clear view of its reality allows new studies on public policies and on rural development planning to be developed and implemented, which undoubtedly ends up affecting the economy of the area.
- The second contribution is anthropological and also sociological, since it centers on broadening the understanding of a rural exodus, at a time when modern and technological facilities attract this age group of young people to the city, away from the property and those who have the most empirical knowledge about rural production. These are usually their parents or guardians, and who undoubtedly have the deepest bond with the land and whose livelihoods are so intimate. Urban planning agencies can use this information to develop city and country territorial occupation policies.
- The third contribution is related to reviewing and rethinking the focus of technical and higher education courses on land management and livestock production, adapting them to the needs and mentality of new generations, in which practicality needs to align with the empirical knowledge learned in the family. The new needs to be accepted by the elders, so that the young person can implement changes where necessary, and the latter must maintain the tradition, where it is most suitable.
2. Theoretical Reference
2.1. Family Farming
- Do not hold, in any capacity, an area larger than four fiscal modules;
- Use predominantly family labor in the economic activities of your establishment or enterprise;
- Have a family income predominantly originating from economic activities linked to the establishment or enterprise itself;
- Run your establishment or enterprise with your family.
- Have a minimum percentage of family income originating from economic activities in your establishment or enterprise, in the manner defined by the Executive Branch.
2.2. Entrepreneurship
2.3. Difficulties in Undertaking in Family Farming
2.4. Improvement in Sustainability
2.5. Methodology
3. Discussion and Analysis of Results
3.1. Characterization of Participants
3.2. Difficulties in Entrepreneuring
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Picolotto, E.L. Os Atores da Construção da Categoria Agricultura Familiar no Brasil. Rev. Econ. Sociol. 2014, 52, 65–83. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Mocelin, D.G.; Azambuja, L.R. Empreendedorismo Intensivo em Conhecimento: Elementos para uma Agenda de Pesquisas Sobre a Ação Empreendedora no Brasil. Sociologias 2019, 19, 30–75. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Ninno Muniz, R.N.; Stefenon, S.F.; Gouvêa Buratto, W.; Nied, A.; Meyer, L.H.; Finardi, E.C.; Marino Kühl, R.; Silva de Sá, J.A.; Ramati Pereira da Rocha, B. Tools for Measuring Energy Sustainability: A Comparative Review. Energies 2020, 13, 2366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ribeiro, M.H.D.M.; Stefenon, S.F.; de Lima, J.D.; Nied, A.; Marini, V.C.; Coelho, L.S. Electricity Price Forecasting Based on Self-Adaptive Decomposition and Heterogeneous Ensemble Learning. Energies 2020, 13, 5190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stefenon, S.F.; Nied, A. FEM Applied to Evaluation of the Influence of Electric Field on Design of the Stator Slots in PMSM. IEEE Lat. Am. Trans. 2019, 17, 590–596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kasburg, C.; Stefenon, S.F. Deep Learning for Photovoltaic Generation Forecast in Active Solar Trackers. Lat. Am. Trans. 2019, 17, 2013–2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua. PNAD; 2019. Available online: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/trabalho/17270-pnad-continua.html (accessed on 1 October 2020). (In Portuguese)
- Bulgacov, Y.L.; Cunha, S.K.; Camargo, D.D.; Meza, M.L.; Bulgacov, S. Jovem Empreendedor no Brasil: A Busca do Espaço da Realização ou a Fuga da Exclusão. Rev. Adm. Pública 2011, 45, 695–720. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Entrepreneurship in Brazil. In Executive Report, 1st ed.; Global Entrepreneurship Research Association: São Paulo, Brazil, 2017; p. 19.
- Piedra-Muñoz, L.; Galdeano-Gómez, E.; Pérez-Mesa, J.C. Is Sustainability Compatible with Profitability? An Empirical Analysis on Family Farming Activity. Sustainability 2016, 8, 893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Schneider, S. Social Theory, Family Farming and Pluriactivity. Braz. J. Soc. Sci. 2003, 18, 100–121. [Google Scholar]
- Guanziroli, C.E.; Cardim, S.E.C.S. Novo Retrato da Agricultura Familiar: O Brasil Redescoberto; INCRA/FAO: Campinas, Brazil, 2000; Volume 1, pp. 7–74. (In Portuguese)
- da Silva, F.C.; Sant’Ana, A.L.A.; Maia, A.H. Public Policy on the Family Farming Sector in Brazil: Towards a Model of Sustainable Agriculture. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2018, 13, 1719–1729. [Google Scholar]
- Refloramaz (Restauração Florestal por Agricultores Familiares na Amazônia Oriental). A Província do Pará. EMBRAPA. 2020. Available online: http://aprovinciadopara.com.br/projeto-da-embrapa-mostra-mudancas-na-agricultura-familiar-nos-municipios-paraenses/ (accessed on 1 June 2020). (In Portuguese).
- Deimling, M.F.; Barichello, R.; Braz, R.J.; Bieger, B.N.; Casarotto Filho, N. Family-Based Agriculture Relations in Product Trading. Interciencia 2015, 40, 440–447. [Google Scholar]
- Schneider, S. Teoria Social, Agricultura Familiar e Pluriatividade. Rev. Bras. CiêNcias Soc. 2003, 18, 99–121. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Koda, K.; Girmay, G.; Berihu, T. Constructability Criteria for Farmland Reclamation and Vegetable Cultivation Using Micro-Dam Sediments in Tigray, Ethiopia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Xu, S.; Hu, Y. Understanding the Rural Livelihood Stability System: The Eco-Migration in Huanjiang County, China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galan, J.; Bourgeau, F.; Pedroli, B. A Multidimensional Model for the Vernacular: Linking Disciplines and Connecting the Vernacular Landscape to Sustainability Challenges. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stylianou, A.; Sdrali, D.; Apostolopoulos, C.D. Integrated Sustainability Assessment of Divergent Mediterranean Farming Systems: Cyprus as a Case Study. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). 2006 Agricultural Census Family Farming: First Results. 2006. Available online: http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/50/agro_2006_agricultura_familiar.pdf (accessed on 1 June 2020).
- Lamarche, H. Comparação Internacional. In A Agricultura Familiar, 1st ed.; Unicamp Publisher: Campinas, Brazil, 1993; p. 336. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar]
- Dudek, M.; Wrzaszcz, W. On the Way to Eco-Innovations in Agriculture: Concepts, Implementation and Effects at National and Local Level. The Case of Poland. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dobkowitz, S.; Walz, A.; Baroni, G.; Pérez-Marin, A.M. Cross-Scale Vulnerability Assessment for Smallholder Farming: A Case Study from the Northeast of Brazil. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stellmacher, T.; Kelboro, G. Family Farms, Agricultural Productivity, and the Terrain of Food (In)security in Ethiopia. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Stefenon, S.F.; Ribeiro, M.H.; Nied, A.; Mariani, V.C.; dos Santos Coelho, L.; da Rocha, D.F.; Grebogi, R.B.; de Barros Ruano, A.E. Wavelet Group Method of Data Handling for Fault Prediction in Electrical Power Insulators. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2020, 123, 106269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corso, M.P.; Stefenon, S.F.; Couto, V.F.; Cabral, S.H.; Nied, A. Evaluation of Methods for Electric Field Calculation in Transmission Lines. IEEE Lat. Am. Trans. 2018, 16, 2970–2976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stefenon, S.F.; Branco, N.W.; Nied, A.; Bertol, D.W.; Finardi, E.C.; Sartori, A.; Meyer, L.H.; Grebogi, R.B. Analysis of Training Techniques of ANN for Classification of Insulators in Electrical Power Systems. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 2020, 14, 1591–1597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stefenon, S.F.; Silva, M.C.; Bertol, D.W.; Meyer, L.H.; Nied, A. Fault Diagnosis of Insulators from Ultrasound Detection Using Neural Networks. J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst. 2019, 37, 6655–6664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stefenon, S.F.; Zanetti Freire, R.; dos Santos Coelho, L.; Meyer, L.H.; Bartnik Grebogi, R.; Gouvêa Buratto, W.; Nied, A. Electrical Insulator Fault Forecasting Based on a Wavelet Neuro-Fuzzy System. Energies 2020, 13, 484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Gomes, D.C.; Silva, L.A.F. Educação Empreendedora no Ensino Profissional: Desafios e Experiências numa Instituição de Ensino. Holos 2018, 1, 118–139. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Souza, E.C.L.; Lopes Junior, G.S.; Bornia, A.C.; Alvez, L.R.R.A. Atitude Empreendedora: Validação de um Instrumento de Medida com Base no Modelo de Resposta Gradual da Teoria da Resposta ao Item. Rev. de Adm. Mackenzie 2013, 6776, 230–251. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Barros, F.S.O.; Moreira, M.V.C.O. Comportamento Empreendedor e Suas Implicações: A Organização Produtiva de Micro e Pequenas Empresas no Turismo. Rev. Adm. Contab. Unisinos 2006, 3, 150–163. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar]
- Tomei, P.A.; Alves, D.A.; Souza, A. Análise das Barreiras que Dificultam a Transformação do Agricultor Familiar em Empreendedor Rural no Contexto Brasileiro. Rev. Ibero-Americ. Estratégia 2014, 13, 107–122. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bernardo, E.G.; Ramos, H.R.; Vils, L. Panorama da Produção Científica em Empreendedorismo Rural: Um Estudo Bibliométrico. Rev. Empreended. Gestão Pequenas Empres. 2019, 8, 102–125. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, Y.; Dou, X.; Lu, Q.; Qin, J.; Luo, J.; Yang, M. Comprehensive Assessment for the Residual Characteristics and Degradation Kinetics of Pesticides in Panax Notoginseng and Planting Soil. Sci. Total. Environ. 2020, 714, 136718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, H.W.; Lei, H.J.; He, X.S.; Xi, B.D.; Han, Y.P.; Xu, Q.G. Levels and Distributions of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Soil–Groundwater System of Vegetable Planting Area in Tianjin City, Northern China. Environ. Geochem. Health 2017, 39, 417–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Naik, V.C.B.; Kranthi, S.; Viswakarma, R. Impact of Newer Pesticides and Botanicals on Sucking Pest Management in Cotton Under High Density Planting System (HDPS) in India. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 2017, 5, 1083–1087. [Google Scholar]
- Loboguerrero, A.M.; Campbell, B.M.; Cooper, P.J.M.; Hansen, J.W.; Rosenstock, T.; Wollenberg, E. Food and Earth Systems: Priorities for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation for Agriculture and Food Systems. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Giagnocavo, C.; Galdeano-Gómez, E.; Pérez-Mesa, J.C. Cooperative Longevity and Sustainable Development in a Family Farming System. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Manikas, I.; Malindretos, G.; Moschuris, S. A Community-Based Agro-Food Hub Model for Sustainable Farming. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1017. [Google Scholar]
- Soldi, A.; Aparicio Meza, M.J.; Guareschi, M.; Donati, M.; Insfrán Ortiz, A. Sustainability Assessment of Agricultural Systems in Paraguay: A Comparative Study Using FAO’s SAFA Framework. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Stefenon, S.F.; Steinheuser, D.F.; da Silva, M.P.; Ferreira, F.C.S.; Klaar, A.C.R.; de Souza, K.E.; Júnior, A.G.; Venção, A.V.; Branco, R.; Yamaguchi, C.K. Application of Active Methodologies in Engineering Education Through the Integrative Evaluation at the University of Planalto Catarinense, Brazil. Interciencia 2019, 44, 408–413. [Google Scholar]
- Vergara, S.C. Projetos e Relatórios de Pesquisa em Administração, 2nd ed.; Atlas Publisher: São Paulo, Brazil, 2009; p. 104. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar]
- Lewis, R.B.; Maas, S.M. QDA Miner 2.0: Mixed-Model Qualitative Data Analysis Software. Field Methods 2007, 19, 87–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schneider, E.M.; Fujii, R.A.X.; Corazza, M.J. Qualitative and Quantitative Research: Contributions to Research in Science Education. Qual. Res. J. 2017, 5, 569–584. [Google Scholar]
- Severo, E.M.; Sousa, H.J. Assessing the Sustainability of Buildings Through Qualitative and Quantitative Tools. RISTI Iber. J. Inf. Syst. Technol. 2016, 19, 1–14. [Google Scholar]
- Zanette, M.S. Pesquisa Qualitativa no Contexto da Educação no Brasil. Educ. Rev. 2017, 65, 149–166. (In Portuguese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Laudon, K.C.; Laudon, J.P. Management Information Systems, 12th ed.; Pearson: New York, NY, USA, 2011; p. 640. [Google Scholar]
- OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). Education at a Glance. 2018. Available online: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/education-at-a-glance-2018/summary/slovak_ca3ef445-sk (accessed on 1 June 2020).
City | Origin | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Campo Belo do Sul | 16 | 26.7% |
Bocaina do Sul | 12 | 20.0% |
Palmeira | 11 | 18.3% |
Lages | 8 | 13.3% |
Anita Garibaldi | 7 | 11.7% |
Abdon Batista | 6 | 10.0% |
Culture | Quotes | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Corn | 55 | 35.0% |
Livestock | 30 | 19.1% |
Bean | 26 | 16.6% |
Soy | 20 | 12.7% |
Pasture | 11 | 7.0% |
Vegetables | 8 | 5.1% |
Apple | 7 | 4.5% |
Class | Code | Occurrences | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Difficulties | Financial | Economy | 15 | 10.40% |
Difficulties | Financial | Low final price | 11 | 7.60% |
Difficulties | Lack of technical knowledge | 11 | 7.60% |
Difficulties | Financial | Expensive implements | 11 | 7.60% |
Difficulties | Financial | High production cost | 10 | 6.90% |
Difficulties | Workforce | Lack of labor | 9 | 6.30% |
Difficulties | Lack of government support | 8 | 5.60% |
Difficulties | Poor road quality | 8 | 5.60% |
Difficulties | Lack of market | 7 | 4.90% |
Difficulties | Workforce | Expensive labor | 7 | 4.90% |
Difficulties | Devaluation of agriculture | 7 | 4.90% |
Difficulties | Financial | Credit | 5 | 3.50% |
Difficulties | Financial | Financing | 4 | 2,80% |
Difficulties | Financial | Expensive supplies | 4 | 2.80% |
Difficulties | Connectivity in rural areas | 4 | 2.80% |
Difficulties | Lack of cooperativism | 3 | 2.10% |
Difficulties | Financial | Bureaucracy | 3 | 2.10% |
Difficulties | Environment | Pests | 2 | 1.40% |
Difficulties | Laws | Environmental | 2 | 1.40% |
Difficulties | Heavy duties | 2 | 1.40% |
Difficulties | Workforce | Lack of qualified labor | 2 | 1.40% |
Difficulties | Communication with parents | 2 | 1.40% |
Difficulties | Environment | Flood | 2 | 1.40% |
Difficulties | Environment | Weather factors | 2 | 1.40% |
Difficulties | Financial | High taxes | 1 | 0.70% |
Difficulties | Disclosure | 1 | 0.70% |
Difficulties | Financial | High maintenance cost | 1 | 0.70% |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Keiko Yamaguchi, C.; Stefenon, S.F.; Ramos, N.K.; Silva dos Santos, V.; Forbici, F.; Rodrigues Klaar, A.C.; Silva Ferreira, F.C.; Cassol, A.; Marietto, M.L.; Farias Yamaguchi, S.K.; de Borba, M.L. Young People’s Perceptions about the Difficulties of Entrepreneurship and Developing Rural Properties in Family Agriculture. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218783
Keiko Yamaguchi C, Stefenon SF, Ramos NK, Silva dos Santos V, Forbici F, Rodrigues Klaar AC, Silva Ferreira FC, Cassol A, Marietto ML, Farias Yamaguchi SK, de Borba ML. Young People’s Perceptions about the Difficulties of Entrepreneurship and Developing Rural Properties in Family Agriculture. Sustainability. 2020; 12(21):8783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218783
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeiko Yamaguchi, Cristina, Stéfano Frizzo Stefenon, Ney Kassiano Ramos, Vanessa Silva dos Santos, Fernanda Forbici, Anne Carolina Rodrigues Klaar, Fernanda Cristina Silva Ferreira, Alessandra Cassol, Márcio Luiz Marietto, Shana Kimi Farias Yamaguchi, and Marcelo Leandro de Borba. 2020. "Young People’s Perceptions about the Difficulties of Entrepreneurship and Developing Rural Properties in Family Agriculture" Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218783