Sustainability Viewed from Farmers’ Perspectives in a Resource-Constrained Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Context
2.2. Sampling and Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Farmers’ Perceptions of the Notion of Farm Sustainability
3.2. Three Types of Strategies to Endure
3.2.1. Income Security and Farm Autonomy through Low-Intensity Practices
3.2.2. Adaption and Valorization of the Farm’s Flexibility according to Opportunities
3.2.3. Entrepreneurial Strategy Seeking Productivity and Maximum Income
3.3. Linking Farmers’ Sustainability Perceptions with Their Strategies to Endure
4. Discussion
4.1. Farmers’ Perceptions and Strategies to Endure Viewed through the Concept of Sustainability
4.2. Public Instruments Linked to Sustainability and Changes in Farmers’ Practices
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Rainfed | Diversified | Specialized | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1a Small | T1b Large | T2a Veg a | T2b Fruit | T3a Veg | T3b Fruit | T3c Dairy | |
Number of farms | 4 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 2 |
Total area (ha) | 7 | 98 | 10 | 13 | 19 | 19 | 32 |
Family MWU b | 2.3 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 |
% cultivated area Rainfed crops | 100 | 98 | 67 | 30 | 35 | 31 | 86 |
Irrigated vegetables | 0 | 0 | 26 | 44 | 58 | 6 | 0 |
Irrigated fruit trees | 0 | 0 | 2 | 24 | 3 | 62 | 0 |
Number of farms owning livestock Cattle | 3 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
Sheep | 2 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Capital/MWU (*1000 MAD) | 213 | 953 | 565 | 539 | 614 | 1127 | 298 |
Components | Measurement Variables | Type of Variable |
---|---|---|
Family characteristics | Family MWU a (% of total MWU) | Quantitative |
Land tenure | Increasing cultivated surface through indirect tenure | Qualitative |
Economic characteristics | SMIG b/MWU | Quantitative |
Capital/MWU | Quantitative | |
Choice and combination of production activities | Number of productions | Quantitative |
Production management practices | Improvement of irrigation water supply | Qualitative |
Area fertilized with manure (% of the UAA c) | Quantitative | |
Pesticide management | Qualitative |
Security | Adaptation | Entrepreneurship | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of farms | 7 | 17 | 12 |
Family MWU a (% of total MWU) | 90 | 59 | 39 |
Two generations present | 2 | 9 | 9 |
Presence of livestock | 7 | 13 | 7 |
UAA b (ha) | 7 | 19 | 41 |
% rainfed crops | 90 | 58 | 48 |
% irrigated market vegetables | 10 | 35 | 7 |
% irrigated arboriculture | - | 6 | 41 |
% organically fertilized | 35 | 15 | 38 |
Polluting pressure c | 2.7 | 4.5 | 4.3 |
Improvement of water availability | - | 8 | 8 |
Recourse to private advisors | - | 2 | 9 |
Recourse to subsidies | - | 9 | 7 |
Income (SMIG d/MWU) | 1.4 | 3.8 | 12.7 |
Capital/MWU (1000 *MAD) | 292 | 560 | 1103 |
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Baccar, M.; Bouaziz, A.; Dugué, P.; Gafsi, M.; Le Gal, P.-Y. Sustainability Viewed from Farmers’ Perspectives in a Resource-Constrained Environment. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208671
Baccar M, Bouaziz A, Dugué P, Gafsi M, Le Gal P-Y. Sustainability Viewed from Farmers’ Perspectives in a Resource-Constrained Environment. Sustainability. 2020; 12(20):8671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208671
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaccar, Mariem, Ahmed Bouaziz, Patrick Dugué, Mohamed Gafsi, and Pierre-Yves Le Gal. 2020. "Sustainability Viewed from Farmers’ Perspectives in a Resource-Constrained Environment" Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208671