Cross-National Study on the Perception of the Korean Wave and Cultural Hybridity in Indonesia and Malaysia Using Discourse on Social Media
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Research question 1. What are the similarities and differences in the social media discourse on the Korean Wave between Indonesians and Malaysians?
- Research question 2. What factors contribute to promoting or impeding cultural hybridity based on the findings of the similarities and differences in the social media discourse on the Korean Wave between Indonesians and Malaysians?
2. Literature Review
2.1. Cultural Hybridity in the Era of Globalization
2.2. Diffusion of the Korean Wave as Cultural Products
2.3. Indonesian and Malaysian Culture
2.4. Reception of Korean Cultural Products in Indonesia and Malaysia
2.5. Social Media Use
3. Research Methods
3.1. Data
3.2. Semantic Network Analysis
4. Results
4.1. TF–IDF and Degree Centrality
4.2. CONCOR
- (1)
- Korean entertainment industry
- Talented K-pop artists from Korean entertainment agencies;
- Distinct characteristics of K-pop artists from different Korean entertainment agencies;
- Interest in the appearance and fashion of K-pop artists;
- Beauty standards reflected in the Korean entertainment industry.
- (2)
- K-pop songs
- Learning Korean language from K-pop song lyrics;
- K-pop is a personal musical taste.
- (3)
- K-pop concerts
- Expensive ticket prices.
- (4)
- K-pop merchandise
- Excessive expenditure on K-pop merchandise.
- (5)
- Conflicting opinions between fans and anti-fans of K-pop
- Fans
- K-pop provides life motivation;
- Pride in the international popularity of one’s favorite K-pop artist(s);
- K-pop is a worldwide trend;
- It makes people happy to listen to K-pop songs.
- Anti-fans
- K-pop artists are too girlish;
- K-pop artists are ugly;
- K-pop artists have many plastic surgeries;
- Being ashamed of fanatic K-pop fans;
- It is tiresome to listen to K-pop songs.
- (6)
- egative opinions involved with religion
- Korean Wave content is against religion.
- (7)
- Styles of Koreans
- Interest in hairstyle and color;
- Positive opinions about pretty and handsome faces.
- (8)
- Korean dramas, movies, and variety shows
- Exciting scenes in Korean dramas and movies;
- Interest in Korean food presented in Korean dramas, movies, and variety shows.
- (1)
- Conflicting opinions between fans and anti-fans of K-pop
- Fan
- K-pop is great;
- K-pop artists are talented;
- It makes people happy to listen to K-pop songs.
- Anti-fans
- Fanatical K-pop fans are stupid;
- K-pop is noisy;
- K-pop artists have many plastic surgeries;
- It is tiresome to listen to K-pop songs.
- (2)
- Korean dramas and movies
- Positive opinions about actors’ beautiful and handsome appearances;
- Interest in Korean food presented in Korean dramas and movies.
- (3)
- K-pop songs
- Learning Korean language from K-pop song lyrics;
- Watching videos of K-pop artists;
- Comparing K-pop songs with local songs.
- (4)
- Styles of Koreans
- Interest in hairstyle;
- Popularity of short length of clothing.
- (5)
- Negative opinions involved with religion
- Korean Wave content is entertainment and against religion;
- Criticism about Korean Wave fans who consume related content during Ramadan.
- (6)
- General negative opinions on the Korean Wave
- Inappropriate fashion styles of Korean artists;
- Worried about the potentially negative influence of Korean artists on Malaysians;
- Korean artists are too girlish.
- (7)
- Economic issues
- Excessive expenditures on K-pop merchandise;
- Criticism about wasting the national budget to bring foreign cultural content to Malaysia.
- (8)
- Conflicting opinions on the reception of the Korean Wave
- The Korean Wave will undermine the Malaysian culture that has to be inherited by the youth;
- The Korean Wave will bring economic benefits because it will attract tourists from neighboring countries.
4.3. Shared and Unique Words between Indonesia and Malaysia
4.4. Ego-Centered Network
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Implications
6.1. Theoretical Implications
6.2. Practical Implications
7. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Word | TF–IDF | Rank | Degree Centrality | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
good | 752.72812870 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
idol | 702.50911084 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
song | 553.16440514 | 3 | 0.982608695652174 | 8 |
fan | 538.14399183 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
BTS | 532.43083869 | 5 | 0.991304347826087 | 4 |
Army | 430.96168668 | 6 | 0.956521739130435 | 14 |
drama | 425.77414523 | 7 | 0.965217391304348 | 10 |
Kpop.song | 424.33023039 | 8 | 0.991304347826087 | 4 |
music | 408.38643061 | 9 | 0.991304347826087 | 4 |
bad | 353.29205087 | 10 | 0.991304347826087 | 4 |
concert | 344.73803085 | 11 | 0.921739130434783 | 24 |
happy | 303.75048104 | 12 | 0.965217391304348 | 10 |
hair | 299.57461486 | 13 | 0.773913043478261 | 61 |
Korean.artist | 291.90883215 | 14 | 0.965217391304348 | 10 |
Korean.language | 288.67288513 | 15 | 0.843478260869565 | 45 |
plastic.surgery | 277.68078796 | 16 | 0.895652173913044 | 33 |
merchandise | 267.80380807 | 17 | 0.808695652173913 | 55 |
group | 264.02608052 | 18 | 0.973913043478261 | 9 |
taste | 255.24147731 | 19 | 0.947826086956522 | 17 |
beautiful | 238.86056734 | 20 | 0.921739130434783 | 24 |
actor | 234.48811858 | 21 | 0.930434782608696 | 21 |
money | 233.97117683 | 22 | 0.895652173913044 | 33 |
interested | 230.97905402 | 23 | 0.947826086956522 | 17 |
handsome | 220.00747348 | 24 | 0.91304347826087 | 28 |
star | 213.76092019 | 25 | 0.939130434782609 | 20 |
Kpop.world | 212.43842566 | 26 | 0.834782608695652 | 47 |
fandom | 210.17005609 | 27 | 0.860869565217391 | 41 |
style | 203.81847254 | 28 | 0.921739130434783 | 24 |
Blackpink | 193.38561171 | 29 | 0.895652173913044 | 33 |
religious | 192.02689424 | 30 | 0.834782608695652 | 47 |
Korean.people | 191.15213846 | 31 | 0.930434782608696 | 21 |
wrong | 186.82076878 | 32 | 0.930434782608696 | 21 |
sad | 183.31400460 | 33 | 0.834782608695652 | 47 |
genre | 180.70129150 | 34 | 0.843478260869565 | 45 |
war | 177.89372121 | 35 | 0.852173913043478 | 42 |
video | 176.95456911 | 36 | 0.947826086956522 | 17 |
oppa | 176.78429811 | 37 | 0.88695652173913 | 36 |
cool | 176.74222299 | 38 | 0.956521739130435 | 14 |
dance | 175.59865838 | 39 | 0.956521739130435 | 14 |
trend | 174.36461362 | 40 | 0.808695652173913 | 55 |
crazy | 172.55191390 | 41 | 0.965217391304348 | 10 |
picture | 171.59229269 | 42 | 0.91304347826087 | 28 |
price | 165.03861822 | 43 | 0.817391304347826 | 53 |
agency | 163.87871676 | 44 | 0.852173913043478 | 42 |
movie | 162.59675831 | 45 | 0.904347826086957 | 31 |
excited | 160.51008538 | 46 | 0.88695652173913 | 36 |
EXO | 155.99483922 | 47 | 0.88695652173913 | 36 |
Korean.culture | 154.92549463 | 48 | 0.747826086956522 | 71 |
fanatic | 153.67203197 | 49 | 0.852173913043478 | 42 |
ticket | 144.86389088 | 50 | 0.695652173913043 | 89 |
tired | 140.76113175 | 51 | 0.773913043478261 | 61 |
English | 136.40423394 | 52 | 0.826086956521739 | 52 |
SM.entertainment | 135.70294360 | 53 | 0.782608695652174 | 60 |
bias | 135.00473414 | 54 | 0.904347826086957 | 31 |
title | 125.70894792 | 55 | 0.773913043478261 | 61 |
talent | 124.74017176 | 56 | 0.8 | 58 |
appearance | 120.89004338 | 57 | 0.834782608695652 | 47 |
god | 118.15390022 | 58 | 0.756521739130435 | 68 |
member | 117.69463471 | 59 | 0.878260869565217 | 39 |
scene | 116.31305402 | 60 | 0.68695652173913 | 90 |
sissy | 114.69742201 | 61 | 0.6 | 111 |
expensive | 114.66535567 | 62 | 0.68695652173913 | 90 |
color | 114.04616933 | 63 | 0.756521739130435 | 68 |
famous | 111.82371970 | 64 | 0.921739130434783 | 24 |
politic | 110.19307344 | 65 | 0.660869565217391 | 96 |
booth | 108.72258856 | 66 | 0.8 | 58 |
news | 106.82436425 | 67 | 0.91304347826087 | 28 |
character | 105.22676603 | 68 | 0.721739130434783 | 81 |
album | 104.66649642 | 69 | 0.834782608695652 | 47 |
pretty | 103.01830082 | 70 | 0.739130434782609 | 73 |
Korean.story | 101.51863560 | 71 | 0.443478260869565 | 116 |
western.song | 101.25410297 | 72 | 0.652173913043478 | 100 |
lyric | 100.65984366 | 73 | 0.704347826086957 | 87 |
singer | 100.11672756 | 74 | 0.808695652173913 | 55 |
promotion | 99.076244281 | 75 | 0.68695652173913 | 90 |
stupid | 98.883133901 | 76 | 0.739130434782609 | 73 |
SNSD | 97.346026478 | 77 | 0.721739130434783 | 81 |
sin | 96.752446748 | 78 | 0.617391304347826 | 109 |
favorite | 96.014879702 | 79 | 0.878260869565217 | 39 |
motivation | 95.886266257 | 80 | 0.660869565217391 | 96 |
Jpop | 92.794465715 | 81 | 0.556521739130435 | 114 |
era | 91.450180830 | 82 | 0.765217391304348 | 67 |
SuperJunior | 90.752777599 | 83 | 0.721739130434783 | 81 |
shamed | 89.921699544 | 84 | 0.678260869565217 | 94 |
voice | 89.457972415 | 85 | 0.6 | 111 |
toxic | 89.255175855 | 86 | 0.739130434782609 | 73 |
fashion | 89.195537755 | 87 | 0.739130434782609 | 73 |
entertain.industry | 89.167008670 | 88 | 0.773913043478261 | 61 |
forbidden | 87.417551574 | 89 | 0.739130434782609 | 73 |
ugly | 87.028939449 | 90 | 0.747826086956522 | 71 |
anti | 86.208603936 | 91 | 0.730434782608696 | 79 |
Korean.food | 85.007489670 | 92 | 0.573913043478261 | 113 |
market | 84.401536755 | 93 | 0.739130434782609 | 73 |
variety.show | 83.360854410 | 94 | 0.652173913043478 | 100 |
face | 83.076987625 | 95 | 0.71304347826087 | 85 |
debut | 82.933829758 | 96 | 0.756521739130435 | 68 |
Muslim | 82.305298792 | 97 | 0.539130434782609 | 115 |
standard | 82.073202813 | 98 | 0.652173913043478 | 100 |
positive | 81.496584651 | 99 | 0.660869565217391 | 96 |
fangirling | 80.083990073 | 100 | 0.626086956521739 | 107 |
chitchat | 78.945137068 | 101 | 0.626086956521739 | 107 |
content | 78.440568017 | 102 | 0.730434782608696 | 79 |
popular | 75.712162996 | 103 | 0.817391304347826 | 53 |
YG.entertainment | 75.384760615 | 104 | 0.617391304347826 | 109 |
universal | 75.121889891 | 105 | 0.704347826086957 | 87 |
waste | 74.874956114 | 106 | 0.643478260869565 | 103 |
fun | 74.550827003 | 107 | 0.721739130434783 | 81 |
demon | 74.455238787 | 108 | 0.773913043478261 | 61 |
negative | 73.262009600 | 109 | 0.634782608695652 | 105 |
weird | 72.852667364 | 110 | 0.634782608695652 | 105 |
airing | 71.325056534 | 111 | 0.678260869565217 | 94 |
angry | 70.609782250 | 112 | 0.71304347826087 | 85 |
proud | 69.774989290 | 113 | 0.643478260869565 | 103 |
series | 69.003465793 | 114 | 0.68695652173913 | 90 |
Korean.Wave | 68.96128904 | 115 | 0.660869565217391 | 96 |
successful | 63.103522721283 | 116 | 0.773913043478261 | 61 |
Word | TF–IDF | Rank | Degree Centrality | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
fan | 1501.0364612 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
interested | 1412.0925885 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
BTS | 966.94940158 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
good | 910.77160069 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
song | 859.18850828 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
Korean.artist | 856.89838375 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
money | 789.24241161 | 7 | 1 | 1 |
Malay.artist | 738.58273585 | 8 | 0.97580645161 | 15 |
stupid | 683.27799395 | 9 | 0.99193548387 | 10 |
concert | 660.41759865 | 10 | 1 | 1 |
fanatic | 650.32375061 | 11 | 0.99193548387 | 10 |
Kpop.song | 646.36150439 | 12 | 0.93548387097 | 30 |
dance | 553.17426996 | 13 | 0.96774193548 | 20 |
bad | 527.51708491 | 14 | 0.99193548387 | 10 |
crazy | 480.86126388 | 15 | 0.96774193548 | 20 |
drama | 478.46388226 | 16 | 0.97580645161 | 15 |
movie | 443.51909093 | 17 | 0.95161290323 | 27 |
youth | 432.84366683 | 18 | 0.96774193548 | 20 |
plastic.surgery | 415.06873199 | 19 | 0.91935483871 | 37 |
busy | 410.39817577 | 20 | 0.96774193548 | 20 |
religious | 405.00316099 | 21 | 0.97580645161 | 15 |
music | 396.82482846 | 22 | 0.97580645161 | 15 |
Blackpink | 379.51531768 | 23 | 0.96774193548 | 20 |
idol | 376.19567626 | 24 | 0.98387096774 | 13 |
demon | 371.70533706 | 25 | 0.92741935484 | 32 |
Malay.culture | 369.87118411 | 26 | 0.84677419355 | 61 |
group | 353.33271711 | 27 | 1 | 1 |
issue | 331.65617538 | 28 | 0.91935483871 | 37 |
sad | 328.22982426 | 29 | 0.88709677419 | 46 |
tourist | 327.94541674 | 30 | 0.92741935484 | 32 |
wrong | 323.29443637 | 31 | 0.98387096774 | 13 |
Islam | 314.98807571 | 32 | 0.96774193548 | 20 |
god | 306.64504196 | 33 | 0.95161290323 | 27 |
great | 280.5655868 | 34 | 0.97580645161 | 15 |
curse | 270.92212387 | 35 | 0.90322580645 | 43 |
Muslim | 256.43310673 | 36 | 0.96774193548 | 20 |
angry | 256.3616086 | 37 | 0.91935483871 | 37 |
anti | 254.62079575 | 38 | 0.85483870968 | 57 |
fun | 251.79190022 | 39 | 0.92741935484 | 32 |
Army | 245.83970851 | 40 | 0.90322580645 | 43 |
pig | 233.36887045 | 41 | 0.70161290323 | 104 |
video | 228.10097266 | 42 | 0.91129032258 | 42 |
cute | 224.72288663 | 43 | 0.73387096774 | 98 |
government | 224.24809017 | 44 | 0.92741935484 | 32 |
fashion | 221.49375454 | 45 | 0.92741935484 | 32 |
tired | 220.51585805 | 46 | 0.79032258065 | 81 |
ustaz | 219.46473519 | 47 | 0.83064516129 | 63 |
Korean.people | 216.99983032 | 48 | 0.91935483871 | 37 |
handsome | 209.72096966 | 49 | 0.75806451613 | 89 |
merchandise | 190.31013977 | 50 | 0.71774193548 | 101 |
member | 185.70398706 | 51 | 0.86290322581 | 54 |
forbidden | 180.65283483 | 52 | 0.78225806452 | 82 |
Korean.story | 178.63811478 | 53 | 0.59677419355 | 124 |
foreign.artist | 175.27670926 | 54 | 0.81451612903 | 66 |
style | 169.68243588 | 55 | 0.88709677419 | 46 |
trash | 169.66822212 | 56 | 0.79838709677 | 79 |
gay | 169.10764411 | 57 | 0.6935483871 | 106 |
beautiful | 169.05090795 | 58 | 0.87903225806 | 49 |
ticket | 169.03220468 | 59 | 0.90322580645 | 43 |
hair | 167.02849237 | 60 | 0.75806451613 | 89 |
shocked | 165.82043124 | 61 | 0.75806451613 | 89 |
weird | 162.80935554 | 62 | 0.84677419355 | 61 |
shamed | 160.63167483 | 63 | 0.85483870968 | 57 |
illegal | 157.96672884 | 64 | 0.74193548387 | 96 |
pretty | 157.57734819 | 65 | 0.68548387097 | 110 |
job | 156.95326403 | 66 | 0.81451612903 | 66 |
prayer | 156.37953266 | 67 | 0.68548387097 | 110 |
hot | 156.13974225 | 68 | 0.72580645161 | 100 |
SuperJunior | 155.26734935 | 69 | 0.67741935484 | 114 |
famous | 155.20130756 | 70 | 0.93548387097 | 30 |
budget | 154.38228742 | 71 | 0.75 | 95 |
fandom | 148.77680144 | 73 | 0.68548387097 | 110 |
benefit | 147.58356621 | 74 | 0.70161290323 | 104 |
news | 147.24770136 | 75 | 0.86290322581 | 54 |
debt | 147.08151266 | 76 | 0.65322580645 | 120 |
stage | 146.4315587 | 77 | 0.88709677419 | 46 |
noisy | 145.21521194 | 78 | 0.62903225806 | 121 |
chitchat | 144.38182859 | 79 | 0.71774193548 | 101 |
sexy | 144.2226238 | 80 | 0.77419354839 | 86 |
foreign.country | 143.96258289 | 81 | 0.8064516129 | 74 |
trend | 143.41272432 | 82 | 0.75806451613 | 89 |
Korean.food | 142.77311492 | 83 | 0.53225806452 | 125 |
rock | 142.72497341 | 84 | 0.82258064516 | 64 |
happy | 142.32874587 | 85 | 0.87903225806 | 49 |
proud | 137.66023484 | 86 | 0.87096774194 | 53 |
picture | 137.47564275 | 87 | 0.91935483871 | 37 |
album | 136.47978729 | 88 | 0.66129032258 | 118 |
Korean.language | 134.92405052 | 89 | 0.6935483871 | 106 |
politic | 134.07254109 | 90 | 0.8064516129 | 74 |
singer | 133.99756735 | 91 | 0.95161290323 | 27 |
entertainment | 132.65481027 | 92 | 0.87903225806 | 49 |
worry | 132.51979072 | 93 | 0.81451612903 | 66 |
star | 129.99786972 | 94 | 0.81451612903 | 66 |
era | 126.98927904 | 95 | 0.6935483871 | 106 |
popular | 126.33710026 | 96 | 0.85483870968 | 57 |
English | 126.30101353 | 97 | 0.77419354839 | 86 |
Malay.song | 122.49774057 | 98 | 0.77419354839 | 86 |
lyric | 121.89433974 | 99 | 0.66129032258 | 118 |
makeup | 121.35869481 | 100 | 0.78225806452 | 82 |
prophet | 120.39617184 | 101 | 0.70967741935 | 103 |
entertain.industry | 119.92421727 | 102 | 0.81451612903 | 66 |
EXO | 119.30135064 | 103 | 0.62096774194 | 123 |
genre | 118.65180041 | 104 | 0.78225806452 | 82 |
cost | 114.81533437 | 105 | 0.6935483871 | 106 |
tradition | 113.75000717 | 106 | 0.74193548387 | 96 |
Ramadan | 112.96818926 | 107 | 0.67741935484 | 114 |
profit | 111.57267387 | 108 | 0.8064516129 | 74 |
poor | 109.81572004 | 109 | 0.86290322581 | 54 |
talent | 107.0821624 | 110 | 0.8064516129 | 74 |
Korean.culture | 103.31740738 | 111 | 0.62903225806 | 121 |
negative | 101.3354576 | 111 | 0.78225806452 | 82 |
actor | 101.17808383 | 112 | 0.79838709677 | 79 |
nonMuslim | 99.011810950 | 113 | 0.81451612903 | 66 |
favorite | 97.645494625 | 114 | 0.73387096774 | 98 |
hijab | 96.766262993 | 115 | 0.75806451613 | 89 |
Siti.Nurhaliza | 95.9786042072876 | 116 | 0.66935483871 | 117 |
Quran | 95.592732378 | 117 | 0.68548387097 | 110 |
foreigner | 95.161134556 | 118 | 0.81451612903 | 66 |
expensive | 94.106295077 | 119 | 0.67741935484 | 114 |
performance | 90.894841204 | 120 | 0.8064516129 | 74 |
market | 90.633547777 | 121 | 0.81451612903 | 66 |
short | 88.488838723 | 122 | 0.85483870968 | 57 |
sin | 85.908425774 | 123 | 0.75806451613 | 89 |
netizen | 69.948454073871 | 124 | 0.87903225806 | 49 |
agency | 77.4754607025901 | 125 | 0.82258064516 | 64 |
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Words | |
---|---|
Indonesia | good, idol, BTS, Korean.language, drama, dance, Army, Korean.Wave, Korean.food, song, Korean.people, music, picture, universal, interested, Kpop.song, group, cool, fan |
Malaysia | Malay.culture, good, Malay.artist, song, Islam, dance, group, interested, great, Korean.food, BTS, concert, Korean.artist, money, proud, tradition, stupid, tourist, youth |
Words | |
---|---|
Indonesia | song, English, BTS, face, beautiful, EXO, favorite, handsome, good, music, interested, fan, Jpop, lyric, SNSD, crazy, taste, style, title, trend, wrong, western.song, video, SuperJunior, bad, color, happy, singer, popular, sad, cool, idol, Korean.language, market, genre, group, dance, appearance, fanatic, concert, era, drama |
Malaysia | dance, genre, cute, BTS, concert, great, fanatic, busy, bad, crazy, Blackpink, fan, good, Korean.artist, money, rock, lyric, group, music, Army, Malay.song, song, popular, stupid, video, youth, wrong, shocked, trend, Korean.language, era, member, idol, drama, interested, noisy, curse |
Words | |
---|---|
Indonesia | actor, idol, beautiful, happy, Korean.culture, Korean.language, news, picture, Korean.story, favorite, star, scene, popular, successful, taste, good, variety.show, wrong, title, sad, series, bad, style, group, Kpop.song, song, politic, music, fan, genre, oppa, Korean.artist, handsome, cool, excited, character, crazy, airing |
Malaysia | good, news, makeup, pretty, music, great, money, concert, shocked, government, politic, sad, star, song, style, youth, video, singer, busy, idol, religious, market, popular, plastic.surgery, Korean.people, movie, crazy, Korean.artist, interested, handsome, Islam, fan, issue, bad, entertainment, beautiful, fun, actor, Blackpink, god, fanatic, BTS |
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Lee, Y.L.; Jung, M.; Nathan, R.J.; Chung, J.-E. Cross-National Study on the Perception of the Korean Wave and Cultural Hybridity in Indonesia and Malaysia Using Discourse on Social Media. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6072. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156072
Lee YL, Jung M, Nathan RJ, Chung J-E. Cross-National Study on the Perception of the Korean Wave and Cultural Hybridity in Indonesia and Malaysia Using Discourse on Social Media. Sustainability. 2020; 12(15):6072. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156072
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Yu Lim, Minji Jung, Robert Jeyakumar Nathan, and Jae-Eun Chung. 2020. "Cross-National Study on the Perception of the Korean Wave and Cultural Hybridity in Indonesia and Malaysia Using Discourse on Social Media" Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6072. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156072
APA StyleLee, Y. L., Jung, M., Nathan, R. J., & Chung, J.-E. (2020). Cross-National Study on the Perception of the Korean Wave and Cultural Hybridity in Indonesia and Malaysia Using Discourse on Social Media. Sustainability, 12(15), 6072. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156072