The Effect on Air Quality of Lockdown Directives to Prevent the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Campania Region—Italy: Indications for a Sustainable Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
- 5th of March—All educational activities of schools and universities throughout the country are suspended and all events involving gatherings of people are prohibited.
- 8th of March—Lockdown of some districts in the north of Italy and limitations to many activities across the nation (DPCM 8 March 2020).
- 10th of March—The lockdown is extended to the whole national territory.
- 12th of March—The Campania region provides for a reduction of up to 50% of the rides of local public transport companies.
- 1st of April—All government anti-pandemic measures, previously in effect until 3 April, are extended until the 13th of April.
3. Results
3.1. Definition of the dataset
3.2. Meteorological Conditions
3.3. Pollutant Concentrations
3.3.1. Nitrogen dioxide NO2
3.3.2. Ozone O3
3.3.3. PM10
3.3.4. PM2.5
3.3.5. Spatial variation
3.4. Effect of Lockdown on Emissions
3.4.1. Transport
3.4.2. Other sectors
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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UTM | ME% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acronym | Official Name | Easting [m] | Northing [m] | NO2 | O3 | PM10 | PM2.5 |
CE51-R | CE51 Istituto Manzoni | 444,422.38 | 4,547,702.99 | 95/93 | 99/97 | 65/82 | 65/82 |
CE52-T | CE52 Scuola de Amicis | 443,818.09 | 4,547,512.98 | 95/92 | 100/87 | 100/97 | |
CE54-T | CE54 Scuola Settembrini | 447,731.83 | 4,544,040.48 | 95/92 | 96/85 | 93/97 | 93/94 |
CE60-T | Aversa Scuola Cirillo | 433,653.01 | 4,536,336.30 | 94/69 | 100/72 | 73/72 | |
CE61-T | San Felice a Cancello Centro scolastico | 451,550.08 | 4,537,856.89 | 93/93 | 92/92 | 97/97 | 97/97 |
NA01-B | NA01 Osservatorio Astronomico | 437,174.00 | 4,523,893.00 | 95/91 | 95/91 | 97/97 | 97/97 |
NA02-T | NA02 Ospedale Santobono | 435,187.00 | 4,522,320.00 | 95/92 | 93/78 | ||
NA06-T | NA06 Museo Nazionale | 436,897.00 | 4,522,837.00 | 95/92 | 99/50 | 99/50 | |
NA07-T | NA07 Ferrovia | 438,617.00 | 4,522,822.00 | 97/91 | 97/95 | 97/95 | |
NA08-T | NA08 Ospedale Nuovo Pellegrini | 438,947.00 | 4,524,837.00 | 95/92 | 97/90 | ||
NA09-T | NA09 Via Argine | 444,493.00 | 4,523,854.00 | 96/91 | 97/85 | 97/85 | |
NA10-B | Parco Virgiliano | 430,800.00 | 4,516,727.00 | 78/66 | 97/52 | 40/97 | 60/94 |
NA11-R | Via Epomeo | 433,038.00 | 4,521,846.00 | 95/89 | 95/89 | 99/92 | 99/92 |
NA20-B | Pozzuoli Villa Avellino | 426,005.00 | 4,519,470.00 | 92/92 | 93/86 | 60/84 | 80/75 |
NA21-B | Casoria Scuola Palizzi | 440,934.00 | 4,529,517.00 | 93/92 | 95/92 | 80/94 | 57/97 |
NA22-I | Pomigliano d’Arco Area ASI | 448,210.00 | 4,530,151.00 | 90/88 | 81/94 | 90/93 | |
NA23-I | Volla Via Filichito | 445,239.00 | 4,526,346.00 | 96/92 | 96/92 | 100/95 | 100/97 |
NA24-I | Acerra Zona Industriale | 449,608.00 | 4,536,666.00 | 92/92 | 83/65 | 63/78 | |
NA25-T | Acerra Scuola Caporlae | 446,984.00 | 4,532,338.00 | 95/92 | 100/84 | 90/87 | |
NA26-B | Portici Parco Reggia | 445,121.00 | 4,518,521.00 | 95/81 | 96/92 | 93/90 | 97/84 |
NA27-R | Torre Annunziata Scuola Pascoli | 452,575.00 | 4,512,327.00 | 95/92 | 99/92 | ||
NA28-R | San Vitaliano Scuola Marconi | 456,334.00 | 4,530,486.00 | 86/92 | 95/92 | 87/97 | 73/97 |
SNAP Code | SNAP Description | NOx | PM10 | PM2.5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Combustion in the production and transformation of energy | 1.62% | 0.03% | 0.02% |
2 | Non-industrial combustion plants | 8.92% | 71.77% | 75.29% |
3 | Industrial combustion plants | 5.54% | 1.09% | 0.98% |
4 | Industrial processes without combustion | 0.00% | 1.66% | 1.36% |
5 | Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels and geothermal energy | |||
6 | Use of solvents and other products | 0.00% | 0.01% | |
7 | Road Transport | 51.60% | 12.38% | 10.69% |
8 | Other mobile sources and machinery 8.04 Maritime activity | 23.45% | 3.00% | 3.17% |
Other mobile sources and machinery 8.05 Aviation | 3.72% | 0.17% | 0.19% | |
Other mobile sources and machinery (rest) | 3.79% | 1.77% | 1.88% | |
9 | Waste treatment and disposal | 0.12% | 0.21% | 0.20% |
10 | Agriculture | 0.80% | 1.78% | 0.88% |
11 | Other sources and sinks (nature) | 0.49% | 6.14% | 5.33% |
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Toscano, D.; Murena, F. The Effect on Air Quality of Lockdown Directives to Prevent the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Campania Region—Italy: Indications for a Sustainable Development. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145558
Toscano D, Murena F. The Effect on Air Quality of Lockdown Directives to Prevent the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Campania Region—Italy: Indications for a Sustainable Development. Sustainability. 2020; 12(14):5558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145558
Chicago/Turabian StyleToscano, Domenico, and Fabio Murena. 2020. "The Effect on Air Quality of Lockdown Directives to Prevent the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Campania Region—Italy: Indications for a Sustainable Development" Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145558