Summer Farmers, Diversification and Rural Tourism—Challenges and Opportunities in the Wake of the Entrepreneurial Turn in Swedish Policies (1991–2019)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Summer Farms—A Background
“Summer farming is when a farm (a winter homestead) keeps the animals on summer grazing at a place away from the farm where there are buildings and permanent staff, in order to benefit from grazing over larger areas. Most often, they also harvest hay and other fodder to save areas closer to the homestead, to create better pastures, and to be able to feed more animals during winter, as well as store more food to the homestead.”(Our translation [27], p. 2)
“A summer farm is a seasonal settlement for the summer months in order to use the grazing of the outlying lands and process milk into storable products. There were buildings for people, livestock, and milk management. The summer farm was a specialised female workplace and a closely linked functional part of the homestead and agricultural production there.”(Our translation [19], p. 12)
3. Methods and Sources
4. Entrepreneurship—A Conceptual Discussion
5. Results
5.1. Economic Environment and Context
5.1.1. Entrepreneurial Strategies and Business Models
Business as Usual
Diversification through Tourism
Upscaling by Intensifying Dairy Production
Changing Focus—From Dairy to Meat
Other Forms of Specialization or Diversification
5.1.2. Institutions
5.1.3. Conflicting Implementation of Regulations
“Yes, that’s the economy then, you should have money for it. Because you can dream as much as you want, then you have to realize that you have to have the money for it too. To preserve (food and fodder, writer’s note) and a little stuff, pick things, you always have food. But you still have to pay the bills”.
“Yes, it depends. Because if you live like me, or like us then, you have the opportunity to be a seasoner too, because you are in the mountain world. So, you can stand in the ski lift ... then you get a fixed salary there, in the lift. But it is not always you do it, but it is extra time. It depends on what you have”.
“Yes, these EU-subsidies for summer farms are good. It’s hunky dory!”; and “there you have, EU-subsidies are paid per animal unit and ... there is more support…then it is a bit for the fields and for biodiversity”.
5.2. Social Context and Environment
5.2.1. Organizations and Formal Networks
“so, I called LRF, their tax ... He is responsible for tax issues, and so I said that now I have ended up in this situation… He answered: yes, we’ll have a meeting here and I will call you back, he said. He phoned, and then he said that this is a matter of principles and fundamentally important for such small-scale entrepreneurs as you and for summer farmers in general. We will pursue this issue legally regardless of the outcome you will not have to pay for any legal costs”.
5.2.2. Informal and Personal Networks—Two Examples
5.3. Spatial Aspects, Geography and Physical Context
5.3.1. Peripherality
5.3.2. Large Carnivores
5.3.3. Biodiversity and Conservation
5.3.4. Climate Change
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date | Project Workshops | Number of Summer Farmers (Other Participants) |
---|---|---|
19–20 April 2017 | WS-1. Östersund | 13 (4) |
28–30 November 2017 | WS-2. Austkil | 20 (6) |
12–15 March 2018 | WS-3. Oltjärn | 13 (5) |
27–29 November 2018 | WS-4. Austkil | 14 (3) |
Date | Title Workshop/Meeting/etc. | Nr. of Participants | Type of Participants |
---|---|---|---|
12 June 2016 | The values of summer farming, Orsa | Approx. 40 | Summer farmers, nature conservationists |
3 July 2016 | Summer farm tour with Deutscher Verband für Landschaftspflege | 7 | Visit to summer farms together with a number of German landscape conservationists |
23–24 September 2016 | Fäbodriksdag ‘summer farmer parliament’, Ambjörby | Approx. 50 | Summer farmers, scholars, etc. |
16 February 2017 | Summer farming as an intangible cultural heritage, Uppsala | 10 | Scholars and civil servants with interest and expertise in summer farming |
31 March 2017 | Workshop small-scale farmers’ associations, Örebro | 9 | Board representatives from five different small-scale farmers’ associations |
16 September 2017 | Fäbodriksdag ‘summer farmer parliament’, Ovanåker | Approx. 65 | Summer farmers, local heritage associations, and interested public |
19–20 April 2018 | Norlandic cultural landscape, Östersund | 96 | Farmers, conservationists, scholars and civil servants with interest and expertise in summer farming |
03–04 September 2018 | Green cultural heritage: Jämtland | 10 | Summer farmers, other users of biological resources from outlying land, entrepreneurs, and scholars |
25–26 October 2018 | Green cultural heritage: Järvsö | Approx. 30 | Summer farmers, other users of biological resources from outlying land, entrepreneurs, and scholars |
9 March 2019 | Conference with the board of the Summer farms’ association, Ovanåker | 5 | Summer farmers and scholars |
14 September 2019 | Fäbodriksdag, ‘summer farmer parliament’, Söderhamn | Approx. 50 | Summer farmers, other users of biological resources from outlying land, and scholars |
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Rytkönen, P.; Tunón, H. Summer Farmers, Diversification and Rural Tourism—Challenges and Opportunities in the Wake of the Entrepreneurial Turn in Swedish Policies (1991–2019). Sustainability 2020, 12, 5217. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125217
Rytkönen P, Tunón H. Summer Farmers, Diversification and Rural Tourism—Challenges and Opportunities in the Wake of the Entrepreneurial Turn in Swedish Policies (1991–2019). Sustainability. 2020; 12(12):5217. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125217
Chicago/Turabian StyleRytkönen, Paulina, and Håkan Tunón. 2020. "Summer Farmers, Diversification and Rural Tourism—Challenges and Opportunities in the Wake of the Entrepreneurial Turn in Swedish Policies (1991–2019)" Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5217. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125217