Damage Indices and Photogrammetry for Decay Assessment of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the San Domenico Church Main Entrance Portal (South Calabria, Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Description of the Pilot Site: Historical Contexts
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Photogrammetric Survey and 3D Reconstruction
3.2. Damage Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. 3D Mapping and Estimation of The Degradation Areas
4.2. Weathering Forms and Related Damage Categories and Indices
- Group I: loss of stone material;
- Group II: chromatic alteration/deposits;
- Group III: detachment;
- Group IV: cracks/deformation.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scale | Parameters for the Evaluation of Stone Deterioration | |
---|---|---|
Non-visible deterioration | Nanoscale (<mm) | Changes of stone properties and features (composition, texture, porosity, strength, etc.) |
Visible deterioration | Microscale (from mm to cm) | Chromatic variation, weight loss, micromorphological variations |
Mesoscale (from cm to m) | Deterioration phenomena—weathering forms | |
Macroscale (whole facade or building) | Structural stability, aesthetic appearance |
Diagnosis | ||
---|---|---|
In situ Investigation | ||
Monument Mapping | ||
Evaluation and Data Processing | ||
Monument planimetry | Monument mapping | Classification of lithotypes Classification of weathering forms |
Planimetry digitalization | Acquired data: lithotypes, weathering forms typologies, planimetric data | Symbols adopted for lithology and weathering forms |
Maps: lithological and weathering forms map | Obtained data: lithotypes, damage categories, planimetric data | Quantitative evaluation: lithology and weathering forms |
Maps: damage categories | Damage indices | Quantitative evaluation: damage categories |
Loss of Material | Erosion | Chromatic Alteration | Black Crusts |
---|---|---|---|
2˙997.0 cm2 | 23˙127.1 cm2 | 55˙199.5 cm2 | 34˙245.4 cm2 |
Weathering Forms | Intensity Evaluation Parameters | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Superficial deposits | Covering degree of the surface (%)—Thickness (µm-mm) | ||||||
Intensity | <10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | ||
0.01–0.05 | 0.05–0.1 | 0.1–0.5 | 0.5–1 mm | >1 mm | |||
Damage categories | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Black crusts and associated oxalate patinas | Covering degree of the surface (%)—Thickness (µm-mm) | ||||||
Intensity | <15 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | ||
0.01–0.05 | 0.05–0.1 | 0.1–0.5 | 0.5–1 mm | >1 mm | |||
Damage categories | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Erosion | Depth (mm and/or cm) | ||||||
Intensity | <0.5 | 0.5–1 | 1–3 | 3–5 | 5–10 | 10–25 | |
Damage categories | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Chromatic alteration | Covering degree of the surface (%)—Color change | ||||||
Intensity | <10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | ||
Pigmentation | Whitening | ||||||
Damage categories | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Loss of material | Covering degree of the surface (%) | ||||||
Intensity | <10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | ||
Damage categories | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Cracks | Covering degree of the surface (%) | ||||||
Intensity | <10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | ||
Damage categories | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
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Randazzo, L.; Collina, M.; Ricca, M.; Barbieri, L.; Bruno, F.; Arcudi, A.; La Russa, M.F. Damage Indices and Photogrammetry for Decay Assessment of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the San Domenico Church Main Entrance Portal (South Calabria, Italy). Sustainability 2020, 12, 5198. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125198
Randazzo L, Collina M, Ricca M, Barbieri L, Bruno F, Arcudi A, La Russa MF. Damage Indices and Photogrammetry for Decay Assessment of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the San Domenico Church Main Entrance Portal (South Calabria, Italy). Sustainability. 2020; 12(12):5198. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125198
Chicago/Turabian StyleRandazzo, Luciana, Matteo Collina, Michela Ricca, Loris Barbieri, Fabio Bruno, Anna Arcudi, and Mauro F. La Russa. 2020. "Damage Indices and Photogrammetry for Decay Assessment of Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the San Domenico Church Main Entrance Portal (South Calabria, Italy)" Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5198. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125198