Population-Based Study of the Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hand Hygiene Behaviors—Polish Adolescents’ COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Studied Group
- -
- First stage (2 weeks, from March 31, 2020 to April 14, 2020): conducted for all 16 voivodeships (within 6 regions of Poland). For each voivodeship, 5 counties were randomly selected, and for each county, 5 secondary schools, resulting in random selection of 25 secondary schools for each voivodeship (400 secondary schools randomly selected for Poland);
- -
- Second stage (2 weeks, from April 15, 2020 to April 29, 2020): conducted for 10 voivodeships (within 6 regions of Poland), for which during the first stage, a number of 50 respondents was not gathered. For each voivodeship, 5 counties were randomly selected, and for each county, 5 secondary schools, resulting in random selection of 25 secondary schools for each voivodeship (250 secondary schools randomly selected for Poland).
2.2. Applied Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Number (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 814 (35.0%) | |
Female | 1509 (65.0%) | ||
Region | Central | 104 (4.5%) | |
North-West | 265 (11.4%) | ||
East | 422 (18.2%) | ||
South | 610 (26.3%) | ||
South-West | 588 (25.3%) | ||
North | 334 (14.4%) | ||
Age (years) | Value | ||
Total | Mean ± SD | 16.9 ± 1.3 | |
Median * (range) | 17.0 (15–20) | ||
Gender | Male | Mean ± SD | 16.9 ± 1.3 |
Median * (range) | 17 (15–20) | ||
Female | Mean ± SD | 16.9 ± 1.3 | |
Median * (range) | 17 (15–20) | ||
Region | Central | Mean ± SD | 16.8 ± 1.2 |
Median * (range) | 17 (15–20) | ||
North-West | Mean ± SD | 17.3 ± 1.4 | |
Median * (range) | 17 (15–20) | ||
East | Mean ± SD | 16.9 ± 1.3 | |
Median * (range) | 17 (15–20) | ||
South | Mean ± SD | 16.6 ± 1.2 | |
Median * (range) | 16 (15–20) | ||
South-West | Mean ± SD | 17.1 ± 1.4 | |
Median * (range) | 17 (15–20) | ||
North | Mean ± SD | 17.0 ± 1.5 | |
Median * (range) | 17 (15–20) |
Characteristic | Before the COVID-19 Issue | During the Current Period of COVID-19 Global Pandemic | p |
---|---|---|---|
Frequency of Washing Hands | |||
Not washing at all | 9 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.0001 |
1–2 times | 265 (11.5%) | 45 (1.9%) | |
3–5 times | 938 (40.5%) | 370 (15.9%) | |
6–10 times | 638 (27.6%) | 832 (35.8%) | |
11–15 times | 289 (12.5%) | 525 (22.6%) | |
16–20 times | 109 (4.7%) | 290 (12.5%) | |
21–30 times | 41 (1.8%) | 163 (7.0%) | |
More than 30 times | 34 (1.5%) | 98 (4.2%) | |
Reasons for not Washing Hands | |||
In my opinion there is no need to do it | 337 (11.6%) | 200 (7.5%) | <0.0001 |
I don’t feel like doing it | 298 (10.2%) | 121 (4.5%) | <0.0001 |
I have no time to do it | 166 (5.7%) | 58 (2.2%) | <0.0001 |
I am forgetting about it | 761 (26.2%) | 585 (21.8%) | <0.0001 |
It is constricted (e.g., there is no soap, there is no bathroom nearby) | 148 (5.1%) | 65 (2.4%) | <0.0001 |
Due to side effects (e.g., skin problems due to frequent contact with soap) | 148 (5.1%) | 156 (5.8%) | 0.6783 |
Other * | 15 (0.5%) | 29 (1.1%) | 0.0490 |
Not applicable (I always wash my hands) | 1037 (35.6%) | 1469 (54.8%) | <0.0001 |
I always wash my hands | 1037 (35.6%) | 1469 (54.8%) | <0.0001 |
Various reasons for not washing ** | 1286 (64.4%) | 854 (45.2%) |
Characteristics | Before the COVID-19 Issue | During the Current Period of COVID-19 Global Pandemic | p |
---|---|---|---|
Before meals | |||
Always | 1528 (65.8%) | 1625 (70.0%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 647 (27.9%) | 631 (27.2%) | |
Never | 148 (6.4%) | 67 (2.9%) | |
After meals | |||
Always | 756 (32.5%) | 674 (29.0%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 1073 (46.2%) | 1307 (56.3%) | |
Never | 494 (21.3%) | 342 (14.7%) | |
Before preparing meals | |||
Always | 1787 (76.9%) | 1963 (84.5%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 317 (13.6%) | 188 (8.1%) | |
Never | 58 (2.5%) | 26 (1.1%) | |
Not applicable | 161 (6.9%) | 146 (6.3%) | |
After preparing meals | |||
Always | 1279 (55.1%) | 1581 (68.1%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 673 (29.0%) | 521 (22.4%) | |
Never | 203 (8.7%) | 75 (3.2%) | |
Not applicable | 168 (7.2%) | 146 (6.3%) | |
Before using the restroom | |||
Always | 351 (15.1%) | 334 (14.4%) | 0.4545 |
Sometimes | 853 (36.7%) | 893 (38.4%) | |
Never | 1119 (48.2%) | 1096 (47.2%) | |
After using the restroom | |||
Always | 2084 (89.7%) | 2222 (95.7%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 219 (9.4%) | 91 (3.9%) | |
Never | 20 (0.9%) | 10 (0.4%) | |
Before going to bed | |||
Always | 860 (37%) | 1057 (45.5%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 699 (30.1%) | 763 (32.8%) | |
Never | 764 (32.9%) | 503 (21.7%) | |
After waking up in the morning | |||
Always | 930 (40.0%) | 1071 (46.1%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 718 (30.9%) | 757 (32.6%) | |
Never | 675 (29.1%) | 495 (21.3%) | |
After combing their hair | |||
Always | 453 (19.5%) | 483 (20.8%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 653 (28.1%) | 794 (34.2%) | |
Never | 1008 (43.4%) | 860 (37.0%) | |
Not applicable | 209 (9.0%) | 186 (8.0%) |
Characteristics | Before the COVID-19 Issue | During the Current Period of COVID-19 Global Pandemic | p |
---|---|---|---|
After coming back home | |||
Always | 1548 (66.6%) | 2093 (90.1%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 689 (29.7%) | 214 (9.2%) | |
Never | 86 (3.7%) | 16 (0.7%) | |
After using public transportation | |||
Always | 1116 (48.0%) | 1862 (80.2%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 897 (38.6%) | 337 (14.5%) | |
Never | 310 (13.3%) | 124 (5.3%) | |
After money exchange | |||
Always | 652 (28.1%) | 1270 (54.7%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 876 (37.7%) | 678 (29.2%) | |
Never | 795 (34.2%) | 375 (16.1%) | |
When hands are visibly soiled | |||
Always | 2170 (93.4%) | 2244 (96.6%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 116 (5.0%) | 60 (2.6%) | |
Never | 37 (1.6%) | 19 (0.8%) | |
After handshaking | |||
Always | 434 (18.7%) | 1031 (44.4%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 1023 (44.0%) | 928 (39.9%) | |
Never | 866 (37.3%) | 364 (15.7%) | |
After touching animals | |||
Always | 1033 (44.5%) | 1115 (48.0%) | 0.0006 |
Sometimes | 673 (29.0%) | 627 (27.0%) | |
Never | 203 (8.7%) | 143 (6.2%) | |
Not applicable | 414 (17.8%) | 438 (18.9%) | |
After handling animal waste | |||
Always | 1525 (65.6%) | 1653 (71.2%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 215 (9.3%) | 125 (5.4%) | |
Never | 73 (3.1%) | 45 (1.9%) | |
Not applicable | 510 (22.0%) | 500 (21.5%) | |
After handling animal food | |||
Always | 1118 (48.1%) | 1254 (54.0%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 514 (22.1%) | 464 (20.0%) | |
Never | 207 (8.9%) | 129 (5.6%) | |
Not applicable | 484 (20.8%) | 476 (20.5%) | |
After contacting babies | |||
Always | 325 (14.0%) | 362 (15.6%) | 0.0053 |
Sometimes | 477 (20.5%) | 402 (17.3%) | |
Never | 252 (10.8%) | 175 (7.5%) | |
Not applicable | 1269 (54.6%) | 1384 (59.6%) | |
After changing diapers | |||
Always | 526 (22.6%) | 528 (22.7%) | 0.0001 |
Sometimes | 124 (5.3%) | 67 (2.9%) | |
Never | 68 (2.9%) | 40 (1.7%) | |
Not applicable | 1605 (69.1%) | 1688 (72.7%) |
Characteristics | Before the COVID-19 Issue | During the Current Period of COVID-19 Global Pandemic | p |
---|---|---|---|
After blowing nose | |||
Always | 633 (27.2%) | 908 (39.1%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 1028 (44.3%) | 1003 (43.2%) | |
Never | 662 (28.5%) | 412 (17.7%) | |
After sneezing | |||
Always | 681 (29.3%) | 1030 (44.3%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 1048 (45.1%) | 945 (40.7%) | |
Never | 594 (25.6%) | 348 (15%) | |
After coughing | |||
Always | 621 (26.7%) | 941 (40.5%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 1009 (43.4%) | 979 (42.1%) | |
Never | 693 (29.8%) | 403 (17.3%) | |
Before touching sick people | |||
Always | 734 (31.6%) | 1053 (45.3%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 793 (34.1%) | 692 (29.8%) | |
Never | 796 (34.3%) | 578 (24.9%) | |
After touching sick people | |||
Always | 1475 (63.5%) | 1974 (85.0%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 631 (27.2%) | 257 (11.1%) | |
Never | 217 (9.3%) | 92 (4.0%) | |
After touching garbage | |||
Always | 1571 (67.6%) | 1777 (76.5%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 452 (19.5%) | 275 (11.8%) | |
Never | 93 (4.0%) | 40 (1.7%) | |
Not applicable | 207 (8.9%) | 231 (9.9%) | |
After cleaning their home | |||
Always | 1361 (58.6%) | 1623 (69.9%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 693 (29.8%) | 556 (23.9%) | |
Never | 195 (8.4%) | 84 (3.6%) | |
Not applicable | 74 (3.2%) | 60 (2.6%) | |
After washing dishes | |||
Always | 1275 (54.9%) | 1494 (64.3%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 459 (19.8%) | 344 (14.8%) | |
Never | 313 (13.5%) | 217 (9.3%) | |
Not applicable | 276 (11.9%) | 268 (11.5%) | |
After doing laundry | |||
Always | 578 (24.9%) | 653 (28.1%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 572 (24.6%) | 635 (27.3%) | |
Never | 553 (23.8%) | 432 (18.6%) | |
Not applicable | 620 (26.7%) | 603 (26.0%) |
Characteristics | Before the COVID-19 Issue | During the Current Period of COVID-19 Global Pandemic | p |
---|---|---|---|
Folding sleeves | |||
Always | 1165 (50.2%) | 1243 (53.5%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 597 (25.7%) | 480 (20.7%) | |
Never | 154 (6.6%) | 76 (3.3%) | |
Not applicable | 407 (17.5%) | 524 (22.6%) | |
Removing watch and bracelets | |||
Always | 321 (13.8%) | 317 (13.6%) | 0.0006 |
Sometimes | 450 (19.4%) | 455 (19.6%) | |
Never | 295 (12.7%) | 209 (9.0%) | |
Not applicable | 1257 (54.1%) | 1342 (57.8%) | |
Removing rings before or during handwashing | |||
Always | 282 (12.1%) | 261 (11.2%) | 0.0129 |
Sometimes | 202 (8.7%) | 166 (7.1%) | |
Never | 260 (11.2%) | 219 (9.4%) | |
Not applicable | 1579 (68.0%) | 1677 (72.2%) | |
Using soap | |||
Always | 1977 (85.1%) | 2199 (94.7%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 329 (14.2%) | 118 (5.1%) | |
Never | 17 (0.7%) | 6 (0.3%) | |
Using warm water | |||
Always | 1352 (58.2%) | 1503 (64.7%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 910 (39.2%) | 777 (33.4%) | |
Never | 61 (2.6%) | 43 (1.9%) | |
Soaking hands before using soap | |||
Always | 1577 (67.9%) | 1704 (73.4%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 542 (23.3%) | 415 (17.9%) | |
Never | 198 (8.5%) | 201 (8.7%) | |
Not applicable – do not use soap | 6 (0.3%) | 3 (0.1%) | |
Careful making soap lather on whole hands | |||
Always | 1098 (47.3%) | 1427 (61.4%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 1000 (43.0%) | 796 (34.3%) | |
Never | 216 (9.3%) | 99 (4.3%) | |
Not applicable – do not use soap | 9 (0.4%) | 1 (0.0%) | |
Turning the faucet off with hand * | |||
Always | 1438 (61.9%) | 1190 (51.2%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 586 (25.2%) | 628 (27%) | |
Never | 299 (12.9%) | 505 (21.7%) | |
Drying hands with towel | |||
Always | 1745 (75.1%) | 1890 (81.4%) | <0.0001 |
Sometimes | 501 (21.6%) | 376 (16.2%) | |
Never | 44 (3.3%) | 57 (2.5%) |
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Głąbska, D.; Skolmowska, D.; Guzek, D. Population-Based Study of the Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hand Hygiene Behaviors—Polish Adolescents’ COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4930. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124930
Głąbska D, Skolmowska D, Guzek D. Population-Based Study of the Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hand Hygiene Behaviors—Polish Adolescents’ COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study. Sustainability. 2020; 12(12):4930. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124930
Chicago/Turabian StyleGłąbska, Dominika, Dominika Skolmowska, and Dominika Guzek. 2020. "Population-Based Study of the Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hand Hygiene Behaviors—Polish Adolescents’ COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study" Sustainability 12, no. 12: 4930. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124930
APA StyleGłąbska, D., Skolmowska, D., & Guzek, D. (2020). Population-Based Study of the Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hand Hygiene Behaviors—Polish Adolescents’ COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study. Sustainability, 12(12), 4930. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124930