Classifying Pathways for Smart City Development: Comparing Design, Governance and Implementation in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Background
2.1. Design Choices for the Resources of Smart City Development
2.2. Design Choices for the Throughputs
2.3. Design Choices for the Applications of Smart City Development
3. Research Design and Methodology
3.1. Case Selection
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Data Analysis and Operationalization
4. A Brief Description of the Cases
4.1. Masdar City
4.2. Amsterdam Smart City
4.3. Barcelona Digital (Smart) City
4.4. Smart Dubai
5. Results
5.1. Design Input Choices
5.1.1. Masdar
5.1.2. Amsterdam
5.1.3. Barcelona
5.1.4. Dubai
5.2. Design Throughput Choices
5.2.1. Masdar
5.2.2. Amsterdam
5.2.3. Barcelona
5.2.4. Dubai
5.3. Applications and Externalities
5.3.1. Masdar
5.3.2. Amsterdam
5.3.3. Barcelona
5.3.4. Dubai
6. Towards a Classification of Smart City Development Pathways
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Smart City Attributes | Design Variables | Indicators (Presence of) | |
---|---|---|---|
Inputs | HR and Entrepreneurship | Educating and training people | Supporting and strengthening universities and research centers (HR1) |
Transferring (attracting) educated and skilled people | Launching knowledge transfer projects (e.g., scholarships, sabbaticals) (HR2) | ||
Nurturing the innovation environment | Specific policy in place to promote innovation (HR3) | ||
Attracting innovative companies | Supporting and encouraging programs for innovative companies (Science and technology parks, free zones) (HR4) | ||
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Data | Data aggregation | Big data establishment (D1) | |
Data processing | Data science centers (D2) | ||
Data real-time analysis | Data visualization (D3) | ||
Financial resources | Supra-national and national investment | Supra-national and national smart city development policy and budget (F1) | |
Local government investment | Smart city profile and allocated budget (F2) | ||
Public–private investment | Collaboration with the private sector (F3) | ||
Foreign investment | International brand and investors | ||
Throughputs | Governance | Governance structures; technocratic, citizen-centric, socio-technical, hierarchical, surveillance | Role of the government and decision-making process (G1) |
Actors are involved and engaged (G2) | |||
Knowledge and Innovation management | Open innovation | Living Labs, idea-sharing champions (KI1) | |
In-house R&D | Innovation Centers, Smart City R&D department (KI2) | ||
Data management | Establishing a data authorization | Data Laws (DM1) | |
Open/closed/ or shared data platform | Data accessibility (DM2) | ||
Financial management | Redirecting funds away from inadequate, inefficient urban infrastructure development | Alignment of the urban master plan with smart city policies (FM1) | |
Raising private funds | Having a collaboration platform (FM2) | ||
Leadership | Leadership styles | Vision creation and the bigger image (L1) | |
Motivating and empowering people (L2) | |||
Collaborating with people and influencing them (L3) | |||
Outputs | Smart Mobility | Smart transportation infrastructures | Smart (sensor and actuator equipped) roads and traffic lights, smart parking, bicycle routes (SM1) |
Smart public transportation | Interconnected public transportation, smart vehicles, information application (SM2) | ||
Smart private transportation | EVs (Electric Vehicles), autonomous driving, car-sharing (SM3) | ||
Smart energy | Renewable energy | Stationary energy use to be supplied from renewable energy sources (SE1) | |
Energy-efficient buildings | Building regulations, energy certificates (SE2) | ||
New technology for utilities | Smart grids, smart meters (SE3) | ||
Smart health | Smart health monitoring systems | Remote health monitoring, mobile health monitoring, or wearable health monitoring (SH1) | |
Smart health management and information applications | Mobile applications for medication information, weight management, information regarding hospitals and clinics (SH2) | ||
Smart citizens | One-way communication | A participation platform for data sharing (SC1) | |
Two-way communication | A participation platform for idea sharing (SC2) | ||
Co-creating and co-designing | A participation platform for cooperative policies (SC3) | ||
Smart governance | Smart administration | Redesigning norms based on smart solutions (technologies) (SG1) | |
Smart interaction | Participation and collaboration via social media and social networking (SG2) | ||
Smart security and safety | Using smart devices and data analytics for surveillance (SG3) | ||
Smart policies | Using big data analytics for decision-making (SG4) |
Indicators | Absence (0) | Plan Without Implementation (+) | Plan Has Begun (++) | Implementation Completed (+++) |
---|---|---|---|---|
HR1 | ||||
HR2 | ||||
HR3 | ||||
. | ||||
. | ||||
Etc. |
Design Choices/Cases | Amsterdam | Barcelona | Dubai | Masdar |
---|---|---|---|---|
Educating and training people | +++ | +++ | ++ | + |
Transferring (attracting) educated and skilled people | +++ | +++ | ++ | + |
Nurturing the innovation environment | +++ | +++ | + | + |
Attracting innovative companies | +++ | +++ | +++ | ++ |
Data aggregation | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Data processing | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Data real-time analysis | + | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Supra-national and national investment | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
Local government investment | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Public–private investment | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Foreign investment | ++ | +++ | +++ | + |
Design Choices/Cases | Amsterdam | Barcelona | Dubai | Masdar |
---|---|---|---|---|
Smart transportation infrastructures | +++ | +++ | ++ | + |
Smart public transportation | +++ | +++ | + | + |
Smart private transportation | +++ | ++ | ++ | + |
Renewable energy | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Building energy efficiency | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ |
New technologies for utilities | + | ++ | + | ++ |
Smart health monitoring systems | + | + | ++ | 0 |
Smart health management and information applications | + | + | ++ | + |
One-way communication | ++ | ++ | ++ | + |
Two-way communication | +++ | ++ | + | + |
Co-creating and co-designing | ++ | ++ | + | 0 |
Smart administration | 0 | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Smart interaction | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
Smart security and safety | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Smart policies | ++ | ++ | ++ | + |
Case | Main Driver (Core Element) | Development Path | Key Features |
---|---|---|---|
Amsterdam | Innovation | Innocratic (Startup and business-driven) | Competition, entrepreneurial Innovative, Bottom-up approach |
Barcelona | Inclusion | Sociocratic (Participation-driven) | Democracy, Citizen empowerment through technology and citizens’ data sovereignty Participatory, Co-creation |
Dubai | Visionary-ambitious leadership | Aristocratic (State and service-driven) | Being first, being best, Top-down Happiness, government services, branding |
Masdar | Technological optimism | Technocratic (Investment and branding-driven) | Visibility, lighthouse projects, branding |
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Noori, N.; Hoppe, T.; de Jong, M. Classifying Pathways for Smart City Development: Comparing Design, Governance and Implementation in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4030. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104030
Noori N, Hoppe T, de Jong M. Classifying Pathways for Smart City Development: Comparing Design, Governance and Implementation in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi. Sustainability. 2020; 12(10):4030. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104030
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoori, Negar, Thomas Hoppe, and Martin de Jong. 2020. "Classifying Pathways for Smart City Development: Comparing Design, Governance and Implementation in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi" Sustainability 12, no. 10: 4030. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104030