Telecoupled Sustainable Livelihoods in an Era of Rural–Urban Dynamics: The Case of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Framework for Assessing Household Rural–Urban Dynamic Livelihood Strategies
3. Factors that Drive Dynamic Changes in Livelihood Strategies
3.1. Changes in the Rural Physical Context to Telecoupled Livelihoods
3.1.1. Geography, Resource Endowments, and Resource Constraints
3.1.2. Environmental Risks
3.2. Changes in Socio-Economic Context
3.2.1. Household Assets and Demographics
3.2.2. Social Capital
3.2.3. Urbanization (Infrastructure Access and Job Opportunities)
3.2.4. Policy
4. Dynamic Household Livelihood Strategies and Consequences
4.1. Agricultural Production
4.1.1. Extensive Agriculture Strategies
4.1.2. Intensive Agriculture Strategies
4.2. Livelihood Diversification Strategies
4.3. Outmigration for Work
5. Rural–Urban Linkages and Dynamic Changes in Livelihoods
5.1. Urban to Rural Flows
5.1.1. Financial Capitals
5.1.2. Skills Development and Job Opportunities
5.2. Rural to Urban Flows
5.2.1. Population Flows
5.2.2. Ecosystem Service Flows
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peng, W.; Robinson, B.E.; Zheng, H.; Li, C.; Wang, F.; Li, R. Telecoupled Sustainable Livelihoods in an Era of Rural–Urban Dynamics: The Case of China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2716. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092716
Peng W, Robinson BE, Zheng H, Li C, Wang F, Li R. Telecoupled Sustainable Livelihoods in an Era of Rural–Urban Dynamics: The Case of China. Sustainability. 2019; 11(9):2716. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092716
Chicago/Turabian StylePeng, Wenjia, Brian E. Robinson, Hua Zheng, Cong Li, Fengchun Wang, and Ruonan Li. 2019. "Telecoupled Sustainable Livelihoods in an Era of Rural–Urban Dynamics: The Case of China" Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2716. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092716