Biting the Bullet: Dealing with the Annual Hunger Gap in the Alaotra, Madagascar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Resource and Climate Dynamics Surrounding Lake Alaotra
3.2. Perceived Impacts of the Hunger Gap
3.3. Coping with the Hunger Gap
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Participant Demographics
Vohimarina | Andreba Gare | Andilana Sud | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
% female | 65.9 | 42.9 | 51.2 | 53.3 |
mean age | 39.4 (12.4) | 40.1 (13.0) | 44.3 (12.3) | 41.3 |
mean years of education | 7.6 (2.5) | 6.3 (3.1) | 8.5 (2.5) | 7.5 |
household size | 4.8 (2.0) | 4.8 (2.0) | 4.6 (1.5) | 4.7 |
% land owners | 85.4 | 61 | 92.68 | 79.7 |
Appendix B. Interview Questions
- Fokontany:
- Date:
- Participant number:
- Introduction
- We are conducting this study as part of the Alaotra Resilient Landscape (AlaReLa) project, based in Ambatondrazaka. We are trying to better understand farmers’ and fishers’ experience of the hunger gap around lake Alaotra. Everything that we discuss is confidential, and your responses will remain anonymous. Do you agree to continue with the interview?
- Personal details
- Sex
- How old are you?
- Where were you born?
- If not in the Alaotra region, ask when and why they moved to the region.
- Are you married?
- What is your main occupation?
- What are your secondary or tertiary occupation(s)?
- How many years of schooling did you have?
- How many people life in your household?
- How many children do you have?
- If yes ask how old the children areIf yes ask whether the children go to school
- How much do you earn during an average day?
- Physical wealth
- Are you a:
- Land owner
- If yes, ask more details about how much and where
- Land tenant
- Daily labour
- Other (please specify)
- Do you own livestock?
- If yes, ask what kind and how many.
- Agriculture
- What crops do you grow and where?
- What do you do with your crops?
- Ask how much they keep for their own consumption and how much they sell.
- What do you do with the money you earn from selling produce or from your other activities?
- Hunger gap
- What is your understanding and experience of the hunger gap?
- What impacts does the hunger gap have for you personally?
- What do you do to try to reduce these impacts?
- Has the hunger gap changed during the last 10 years?
- If yes, ask how, when and why
- How does your income vary during the year?
- Ask about income and expenses during the hunger gap and the rest of the year
- Are you pushed towards new activities during the hunger gap?
- If yes, ask what activities and why
- What are your eating habits like during the hunger gap compared to the rest of the year?
- Ask about type of food, quantity, quality
- Finance
- Do you or have you ever used microfinancing?
- If yes, why and when, and their experience of using microfinancingIf no, ask why
- Do you think that microfinancing could help with the hunger gap?
- How do you organise your children’s schooling fees during the hunger gap?
- Closing question
- What do you think could be done by yourself personally, by the community, or by the government, to decrease the impacts of the hunger gap?
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Stoudmann, N.; Reibelt, L.M.; Kull, C.A.; Garcia, C.A.; Randriamalala, M.; Waeber, P.O. Biting the Bullet: Dealing with the Annual Hunger Gap in the Alaotra, Madagascar. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072147
Stoudmann N, Reibelt LM, Kull CA, Garcia CA, Randriamalala M, Waeber PO. Biting the Bullet: Dealing with the Annual Hunger Gap in the Alaotra, Madagascar. Sustainability. 2019; 11(7):2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072147
Chicago/Turabian StyleStoudmann, Natasha, Lena M. Reibelt, Christian A. Kull, Claude A. Garcia, Mirana Randriamalala, and Patrick O. Waeber. 2019. "Biting the Bullet: Dealing with the Annual Hunger Gap in the Alaotra, Madagascar" Sustainability 11, no. 7: 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072147