Edible City Solutions—One Step Further to Foster Social Resilience through Enhanced Socio-Cultural Ecosystem Services in Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Conceptual Framework of Edible City Solutions
2.2. Literature Review on ECS Benefits for Urban Regeneration
2.3. Case Studies for Status Quo Analysis of ECS and Strategy Development
3. Results
3.1. Scientific Evidence on ECS Benefits for Urban Regeneration
3.2. Status Quo of ECS in Case Study Cities and SWOT Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Long-Term and Cross-Sectoral Mainstreaming of ECS
4.2. Co-planning, Co-Design, and Co-Implementation
4.3. Avoiding Green Gentrification
4.4. Green Jobs Created by ECS
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Case Studies | Rotterdam | Andernach | Oslo | Heidelberg | Havana |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ECS | Over 200 small grass root initiatives, not associated are most vulnerable to changes | Integration in municipal green spaces | Municipal grant for 2017 for center of urban ecological innovation with 184,000€ | Several initiatives from production of ancient grains, local food markets to bee keeper association | Agricultural Area 35 900 ha (2014), >90,000 residents involved, Productivity yield of 20kg/m2 |
Governance and policy | Integrated in elected City council with their program, top down, program: “Food & the City” (Gemeente Rotterdam 2012) | Integrated in municipal compulsory tasks, top down, to expand | Municipal Master plan revised all 4 years, adoption of co-designed urban agriculture strategy in 2017, bottom-up | City council (elected all 5 years) initiated IBA (first bottom-up IBA), sustainability programs | National programs for urban and peri-urban food production; Protection of agricultural areas above construction |
Decision makers and their Objectives | City council, officials of boroughs, executive committee (major), anchoring main responsibility and simplicity of relations to City council | City council/ “Perspektive gGmbH” Integration of high-quality food supply in municipal compulsory tasks, | City council, City government and elected district councils, establishment of a center of urban ecological innovation (founded 2016) for green transformation | Mayor and City council, ecological committee, Dep. Building and Traffic/Environment, Sustainable food, livable Neighborhoods | Broad support of different levels of city administration to grant vacant land, Enhancing of participation of vulnerable groups Technical Advisory board for a wide network incl. research institute |
Barriers | Widely scattered responsibility in different departments, no legal adaption to urban agriculture | Availability of areas and spaces, access to private space, need of optimized procedure in the municipality | Considered as spare time activity not as profession with full-time jobs, legal barriers regarding selling rights for urban agriculture food | Conflict of interest to use specific green areas, regulative barriers on food, contracting and renting schemes renegotiate | Organization of urban food producers, Management of infrastructure and ECS Technologies Isolation of Cuba from the global ECS market |
Awards | C 40 Cities Adaptation Planning & Assessment 2015; Sustainable Architecture 2011Greenest Port 2016 | Most Livable City 2013; Land of Ideas 2013 | European Sustainable City 2003; European Green Capital 2019 | European Sustainable City 1997, 2003; Global Green City 2015; Fair Trade Town 2010 | (Un-awarded) World leader of urban agriculture |
Specific Challenges | Integration, employment and education in socio-cultural diverse society Overcoming fragmentation and financial instability, fragile availability of expertise and experience of high potential ECS grass root movements | Beneficial social networks across the entire city population; Access to healthy and fresh food for vulnerable groups: refugees and marked by life children | Regeneration of neglected areas and counteract gentrification processes; Inclusion of immigrants with special focus on: women, single parents and high school dropouts | Restoration of abandoned areas and tensed housing market; Social pressure and conflicts of interest in relation to open space use | Preservation of long-term self-sufficient urban food production and optimization towards user-friendly large-scale ECS and fostering local entrepreneurship; Connection of Cuban ECS technologies and knowledge on organic agriculture to the global ECS market and |
Socio-Ergonomic Factors | Socio-Cognitive Factors | Socio-Economic Factors |
---|---|---|
Reachability and connectivity within the urban matrix: Reduce distance from users to ECS and between ECS, enhance walkability and connectivity Accessibility: Allow open participation and barrier-free access Usability: Foster user-friendly processes and design, manageability of ECS | Lateral hierarchies: Power and knowledge distribution in communities to minimize inequalities) Perception and acceptance: Advantages of involvement by multi-stakeholder approaches | Mutual impact on social processes and economics: Foster economic activity affects social life and return Fostering entrepreneurship Support novel and innovative and self-sustaining market uptake of ECS techniques and ECS technologies |
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Säumel, I.; Reddy, S.E.; Wachtel, T. Edible City Solutions—One Step Further to Foster Social Resilience through Enhanced Socio-Cultural Ecosystem Services in Cities. Sustainability 2019, 11, 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11040972
Säumel I, Reddy SE, Wachtel T. Edible City Solutions—One Step Further to Foster Social Resilience through Enhanced Socio-Cultural Ecosystem Services in Cities. Sustainability. 2019; 11(4):972. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11040972
Chicago/Turabian StyleSäumel, Ina, Suhana E. Reddy, and Thomas Wachtel. 2019. "Edible City Solutions—One Step Further to Foster Social Resilience through Enhanced Socio-Cultural Ecosystem Services in Cities" Sustainability 11, no. 4: 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11040972