The Economic Feasibility of the Valorization of Water Hyacinth for Bioethanol Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Water Hyacinth and Its Uses
2.2. Economic Feasibility of Bioethanol Production
3. Methodology
3.1. Study Site
3.2. Scenario Description
3.2.1. Landfill Option
3.2.2. Bioethanol Option
3.3. Data Sources
3.4. Methods
3.4.1. Cost Estimation
3.4.2. Benefit Estimation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Economic Feasibility
4.2. Sensitivity Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feedstock | Cellulose (%) | Hemicellulose (%) | Lignin (%) | Bioethanol Yield (kg/kg of Feedstock) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water hyacinth | 18.07 | 28.21 | 7.03 | 0.1289–0.192 | [44,45,46] |
Corn stover | 36.2 | 23.2 | 18.5 | 0.13–0.25 | [31,47,48] |
Cassava | 46.7 | 32.6 | 16.9 | 0.418 | [49,50] |
Corn grain | 18.7 | 28.7 | 7.5 | 0.33–0.39 | [51,52,53] |
Miscanthus | 32.4 | 48.6 | 16.5 | 0.30 | [53,54] |
Switchgrass | 32.0 | 25.2 | 18.1 | 0.30 | [47,53] |
Stage/Option | Item | Shadow Price | Quantity | Amount |
---|---|---|---|---|
(MYY) | ||||
Cost | ||||
Biomass collection and transportation | WH control | 20.63 Yuan/tonne | 241,729.32 tonnes | 4.99 |
Workers’ wage | 49,643 Yuan/person | 30 people | 1.49 | |
Harvesting machines | 24,000 Yuan/set | 10 sets | 0.24 | |
Diesel | 7.42 Yuan/L | 227,480 litres | 1.69 | |
Drivers’ salary | 60 Yuan/trip | 5000 trips | 0.30 | |
Bioethanol Production | Sulfuric acid | 2586.21 Yuan/ tone | 276.39 tonnes | 0.71 |
Yeast | 25,862.07 Yuan/ tonne | 25.32 tonnes | 0.65 | |
CaCl2 | 1281.45 Yuan/ tonne | 803.75 tonnes | 1.03 | |
Enzyme | 25,862.07 Yuan/ tonne | 60.28 tonnes | 1.56 | |
Molecular sieve | 16,037.74 Yuan/ tonne | 69.07 tonnes | 1.11 | |
Utility | Water: 3.06 Yuan/ tonne | 14,289.60 tonnes | 0.04 | |
Electricity: 0.31 Yuan/kWh | 6,367,794.96 kWh | 1.97 | ||
R & M | 1.50 | |||
Employees’ Wages | 123,926 Yuan/person for managerial staff and 49,643 Yuan/person for workers | 5 managerial staff and 30 workers | 2.11 | |
Overhead cost | 1.09 | |||
Landfill and power generation | Chemicals | 275.86 Yuan/kg | 387.50 kg | 0.11 |
GHG emissions | 124.51 Yuan/tonne | 1747.18 tonnes | 0.22 | |
Utility | Water: 3.06 Yuan/ tonne | 22,916.66 tonnes | 0.07 | |
Electricity: 0.31 Yuan/kWh | 1,200,562.33 kWh | 0.37 | ||
Diesel: 7.42 Yuan/L | 14,705.88 litres | 0.11 | ||
R & M | 2.02 | |||
Salary/Wages | 123,926 Yuan/person for managerial staff and 49,643 Yuan/person for workers | 2 managerial staff and 13 workers | 0.89 | |
Overhead cost | 0.12 | |||
Benefits | ||||
Bioethanol option | GHG emission reduction | 124.51 Yuan/tonne | 1375.98 tonnes | 0.17 |
Sale of electricity | 0.31 Yuan/kWh | 82,833 kWh | 0.03 | |
Sale of ethanol | 7556.32 Yuan/tonne | 2072.07 tonnes | 15.66 | |
landfill option | Sale of electricity | 0.31 Yuan/kWh | 14,820,000 kWh | 4.61 |
Item | Bioethanol Production | Landfill | |
---|---|---|---|
Feedstock preparation | Collection | 545.67 | 545.67 |
Transportation | 52.60 | 52.6 | |
Bioethanol production | Biomass chopping, grinding and storage | 7.31 | |
Pre-treatment with acid | 46.19 | ||
Hydrolysis and fermentation | 39.19 | ||
Solid waste treatment | 2.08 | ||
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation | 643.55 | ||
Electricity generation | 1810.79 | ||
Wastewater treatment | 3.09 | ||
Chemicals transportation | 0.95 | ||
Production of chemicals | 1046.21 | ||
Sub-total | 3599.36 | ||
Landfill | Landfill process | 1235.64 | |
Landfill gas collection and pretreatment | 5154.64 | ||
Power generation from landfill gas | 9534.17 | ||
Sub-total | 15,924.45 | ||
Bioethanol consumption | Substitution of gasoline with bioethanol | −5490.98 | |
Substitution of coal-fired electricity | −82.63 | −14,775.54 | |
Balance without buildings and utility facility | −1375.98 | 1747.18 |
Item | Price (Yuan/Tonne) | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Feedstock (water hyacinth) | 4444.42 | 40.22% |
Chemicals | 1692.67 | 15.32% |
Enzyme and yeast | 752.39 | 6.81% |
Energy and water | 977.03 | 8.84% |
Capital costs | 1640.87 | 14.85% |
Equipment repair | 434.35 | 3.93% |
Equipment depreciation | 916.96 | 8.30% |
Others | 289.57 | 2.62% |
Wages | 1017.79 | 9.21% |
Overhead cost | 524.62 | 4.75% |
Total Cost | 11,049.78 | 100.00% |
Technology | Unit Cost (103/tonne) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
TN 1 | TP 2 | ||
A2O 3 | 75.4 | 377.1 | [74] |
CASS 4 | 71.7 | 358.5 | |
BICT 5 | 54.2 | 271.1 | |
CASS | 22.3 | 191.4 | [75] |
Water hyacinth | 24.0 | 159.0 | [16] |
Item | Bioethanol Option (Million Yuan) | Landfill Option (Million Yuan) | |
---|---|---|---|
Costs | |||
Biomass collection and transportation | WH control | 37.93 | 37.93 |
Harvesting machines | 8.00 | 8.00 | |
Workers’ wage | 13.61 | 13.61 | |
Repair and maintenance cost | 1.83 | 1.83 | |
Diesel | 12.83 | 12.83 | |
Bioethanol production or power generation from landfill gas | Buildings, equipment and land rent | 30.14 | 34.54 |
Enzyme and yeast | 16.84 | ||
Chemicals | 21.69 | 0.81 | |
Utility | 15.40 | 4.94 | |
Repair and maintenance cost | 11.41 | 15.36 | |
Wages | 16.04 | 6.85 | |
Overhead cost | 8.20 | 0.91 | |
Total cost | 193.92 | 137.61 | |
Benefits | |||
GHG emission reduction | 1.28 | −1.67 | |
Sale of electricity | 0.20 | 35.06 | |
Sale of bioethanol | 119.09 | ||
Water quality improvement | 1272.12 | 1272.12 | |
Residual value of equipment | 0.53 | 0.58 | |
Total revenue | 1393.21 | 1306.08 | |
NPV | 1199.30 | 1168.47 | |
30.83 |
Variable | Baseline Value | Change Rate | Switching Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | ||||
Bioethanol yield rate (g/g) | 0.1289 | −10%/+50% | −29.11%/+145.53% | −34.36% |
Discount rate (%) | 10% | −20%/+20% | +10.72%/−8.94% | - |
Price of CO2eq emissions (Yuan/tonne) | 124.51 | −25%/+25% | −2.40%/+2.40% | - |
Price of bioethanol (Yuan/tonne) | 7556.32 | −5%/+5% | −19.22%/+19.22% | −26.02% |
Variable cost of Bioethanol (Yuan/tonne) | 8922.07 | −5%/+5% | +22.81%/−22.81% | 21.93% |
Equipment cost of Bioethanol production (Yuan/tonne) | 1640.87 | −5%/+5% | +4.19%/−4.19% | 119.20% |
Exchange rate (Yuan/$) | 6.5879 | −5%/+10% | −19.70%/+39.40% | −25.39% |
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Wang, Z.; Zheng, F.; Xue, S. The Economic Feasibility of the Valorization of Water Hyacinth for Bioethanol Production. Sustainability 2019, 11, 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030905
Wang Z, Zheng F, Xue S. The Economic Feasibility of the Valorization of Water Hyacinth for Bioethanol Production. Sustainability. 2019; 11(3):905. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030905
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zanxin, Fangyuan Zheng, and Shiya Xue. 2019. "The Economic Feasibility of the Valorization of Water Hyacinth for Bioethanol Production" Sustainability 11, no. 3: 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030905