Evaluation of the Improvement Effect of Limestone Powder Waste in the Stabilization of Swelling Clayey Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Soil
2.1.2. Additive
2.1.3. Mixed Soil
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. X-Ray Diffraction
2.2.2. X-Ray Fluorescence
2.2.3. Atterberg Limits
2.2.4. Free Swell Index
2.2.5. Unconfined Compressive Strength
2.2.6. One-dimensional Consolidation
2.2.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3. Results
3.1. Atterberg Limits
3.2. Free swell index
3.3. Unconfined Compressive Strength
3.4. One-dimensional consolidation
3.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- There is a reduction of the Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index up to 17 and 32%, respectively, when 25% of the additive is added.
- The reduction of the free swelling index reaches a maximum value of 61% when 15% of powder is added.
- The unconfined compressive strength increases up to 148% for the maximum percentage of addition.
- A reduction of the compressibility of the mixed soil is observed. Cc and Cs indexes decreases up to 27% and 31%, respectively, when the soil is mixed with 25% of limestone powder.
- SEM images show a more compact microstructure of the soil when the limestone powder is added.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Value | Property | Value |
---|---|---|---|
% Sand (0.06–2 mm) | 15 | Plasticity Index | 20.8 |
% Silt (0.002–0.06) | 60 | Activity | 0.83 |
% Clay (<0.002 mm) | 25 | Free swelling | 5.70 1 |
Liquid Limit | 44.6 | Particle density (kN/m3) | 26.0 |
Plastic Limit | 23.8 | Soil classification (USCS) | CL |
Compound | Soil Mass % | Additive Mass % |
---|---|---|
Na2O | 0.919 | 0.183 |
MgO | 5.290 | 5.085 |
Al2O3 | 13.902 | 0.571 |
SiO2 | 36.669 | 1.353 |
P2O5 | 0.316 | 0.139 |
SO3 | 2.760 | 0.273 |
Cl | 0.248 | 0.101 |
K2O | 2.907 | 0.105 |
CaO | 14.722 | 62.658 |
TiO2 | 0.644 | 0.036 |
Cr2O3 | 0.018 | 0.258 |
MnO | 0.070 | 0.034 |
Fe2O3 | 5.461 | 0.041 |
SrO | 0.175 | -- |
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Pastor, J.L.; Tomás, R.; Cano, M.; Riquelme, A.; Gutiérrez, E. Evaluation of the Improvement Effect of Limestone Powder Waste in the Stabilization of Swelling Clayey Soil. Sustainability 2019, 11, 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030679
Pastor JL, Tomás R, Cano M, Riquelme A, Gutiérrez E. Evaluation of the Improvement Effect of Limestone Powder Waste in the Stabilization of Swelling Clayey Soil. Sustainability. 2019; 11(3):679. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030679
Chicago/Turabian StylePastor, José Luis, Roberto Tomás, Miguel Cano, Adrián Riquelme, and Erick Gutiérrez. 2019. "Evaluation of the Improvement Effect of Limestone Powder Waste in the Stabilization of Swelling Clayey Soil" Sustainability 11, no. 3: 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030679