Emissions and External Environmental Costs from the Perspective of Differing Travel Purposes
Institute of Transport Economics, University of Münster, Am Stadtgraben 9, 48143 Münster, Germany
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Sustainability 2019, 11(24), 7233; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247233
Received: 18 November 2019
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Revised: 6 December 2019
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Accepted: 12 December 2019
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Published: 17 December 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Issues in Transport Pricing)
Comparisons of emissions and external environmental costs between transport modes usually focus on a distance-based approach. Emissions, and consequently the external costs of transport modes, are measured either per kilometer or passenger kilometer. For travel purposes such as holiday or leisure, however, this approach is not appropriate, as destinations are determined endogenously and thus distances vary across transport modes. In this study, we present a novel methodology to correctly and accurately measure leisure emissions and external costs. The new metric is called “full-price emissions”. Full-price emissions calculate the ratio of a transport mode’s emissions or external costs and its full price. The results show that the relative climate damage imposed by aircraft, calculated according to full-price emissions, is approximately four times larger than distance-based approaches reveal. We further observe that, in contrast to distance-based emission comparisons, environmental costs of petrol cars are lower than that of diesel cars. Additionally, full-price emissions display unintended substitution effects of environmental policies that can contribute to climate damage.
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Keywords:
emissions; environmental effects; external costs; full price; travel purpose; environmental policies; pricing; taxation
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Hagedorn, T.; Sieg, G. Emissions and External Environmental Costs from the Perspective of Differing Travel Purposes. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7233. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247233
AMA Style
Hagedorn T, Sieg G. Emissions and External Environmental Costs from the Perspective of Differing Travel Purposes. Sustainability. 2019; 11(24):7233. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247233
Chicago/Turabian StyleHagedorn, Thomas, and Gernot Sieg. 2019. "Emissions and External Environmental Costs from the Perspective of Differing Travel Purposes" Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7233. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247233
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