Bottlenecks, Shockwave, and Off-Ramp Blockage on Freeways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Analysis of Off-Ramp Blockage
2.1. Problem Statement
- (i)
- the same traffic demands are considered for both cases, i.e., the mainstream demand is q, and the on-ramp demands are qm (m = 1, 2, …, n).
- (ii)
2.2. Flow Conditions for Bottleneck Activation and Congestion Propagation
2.2.1. Basic Definitions and Relations
2.2.2. Mathematic Analysis
- (1)
- under an idealized condition were qm’ = qm and αm’ = αm (m = 1, 2, …, n) (i.e., on-ramp inflows and off-ramp exiting rates do not change under congestion), the resulting shockwave keeps spilling back if and only if it arises at the downstream bottleneck (Lemma 2 and Corollary 1);
- (2)
- under general conditions where and (m = 1, 2, …, n) (i.e., on-ramp inflows may drop and off-ramp exiting rates may increase under congestion), the resulting shockwave keeps propagating upstream if some additional conditions are satisfied (Theorem 1);
2.3. Off-Ramp Blockage
2.4. Further Discussions
3. Simulation Investigations
3.1. Off-Ramp Blockage Effect
3.1.1. An Accident Case
3.1.2. A Ramp Merging Case
3.2. Sensitivity Studies
3.3. Macroscopic Fundamental Diagrams
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Provided that on-ramp inflows and off-ramp exiting rates do not change under congestion, the shockwave keeps spilling back if and only if it arises at the downstream bottleneck as shown in Figure 3 (Lemma 2 and Corollary 1).
- (2)
- Considering that on-ramp inflows may drop and off-ramp exiting rates may increase under congestion, the shockwave keeps propagating upstream only if some additional conditions are satisfied (Theorem 1).
- (3)
- In consideration of the same condition as (2), the occurrence of off-ramp blockage depends on a special condition (Theorem 2).
- (4)
- On top of (3), assuming that off-ramp exiting rates do not change under congestion, then off-ramp blockages happens unconditionally (Corollary 3).
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
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Guo, J.; Chen, X.; Pang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zheng, P. Bottlenecks, Shockwave, and Off-Ramp Blockage on Freeways. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4991. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184991
Guo J, Chen X, Pang Y, Wang Y, Zheng P. Bottlenecks, Shockwave, and Off-Ramp Blockage on Freeways. Sustainability. 2019; 11(18):4991. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184991
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Jingqiu, Xinyao Chen, Yuqi Pang, Yibing Wang, and Pengjun Zheng. 2019. "Bottlenecks, Shockwave, and Off-Ramp Blockage on Freeways" Sustainability 11, no. 18: 4991. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184991