Smart City: Modeling Key Indicators in Serbia Using IT2FS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptualizing Smart City
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Identification of Factors Affecting the Smart Cities Concept
3.2. Operationalizing the Smart City in Serbia
3.3. Fuzzy Hybrid Model
Multi-Criteria Decision Making: A Hybrid Fuzzy MCDM Model Based on Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets
4. Results
5. Measures to Implement Priorities
- People—crucial to define the framework of a smart city is to define the meaning of the concept of “community” in a specific environment. Each community has its own identified needs and challenges, and their coexistence and mutual interactions constitute the framework within which the smart city development.
- Processes—if the process identifies the so-called “pain-points”, they present important information about potential constraints in communication channels between city administration and communities.
- Technologies—connections between people and processes, strategic and targeted applied technological solutions can greatly facilitate or even completely eliminate the inefficient and obstructive processes. In smart cities, technology is not the first, but the last step in creating technologically advanced and sustainable communities, based on understanding people and processes that make smart the environment.
- The engagement of citizens in creating and establishing a vision, using social networks, the media, digital technologies (on-line forums, workshops, etc.);
- Wishes should not replace proper project methodology and framework, and it is necessary to set measurable targets and select indicators;
- The lean methodology should have been applied wherever it is possible—especially if it concerns the development of new expansive infrastructure.
- The initiative for establishing a smart sustainable city must have a strong political consensus within the local authorities. The consensus has must be achieved through the selection of a competent leadership of the project, coordination between relevant stakeholders, joint decision-making, management of changes, joint problem overcoming. Responsibility and the ability to make quick decisions is the key to success.
- The set of goals must be clear and must enable the quantification and evaluation of the obtained results which can be easily presented to citizens. It is important to elaborate on the communication strategy of the project.
- The continuous evaluation of the results is essential for proving the value of the transformation process and achieving benefits for citizens. Selection of relevant key indicators considerably determines the quality of the results.
- Implementation of the public-private cooperation model, particularly civil society, universities, and local government, will be a guarantee of success. Planning must facilitate the development of scenarios and strategies of implementing the transformation, identification of the mutual benefits of all, and the economic effects of such cooperation are significant.
- A feasibility study must confirm the feasibility of the project and, more importantly, the long-term sustainability of all components.
- Citizens are significant participants in a smart, sustainable city. They are users of services and they can provide valuable data, ideas, and comments.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Governance (G) | Citizens (C) | Environment (O) |
Strategies and perspectives of smart city development (G1) | Active participation in the local community (C1) | Sustainable land planning and management (O1) |
Citizen participation in decision making (G2) | Raising civic awareness (C2) | Environmental pollution control and protection (O2) |
Accessibility of services and e-government (G3) | The high degree of qualification and education (C3) | Efficient use of water (O3) |
Management transparency and use of open-data (G4) | Affinity to lifelong learning and e-learning (C4) | Use of renewable energy sources (O4) |
Creativity, flexibility, and open-mindedness (C5) | Energy efficient buildings construction (O5) | |
Social and ethnic diversity (C6) | Management and protection of natural resources (O6) | |
Natural attractiveness of landscapes (O7) | ||
Mobility (M) | Economy (E) | Livability (L) |
Integration of ICT infrastructure (M1) | Self-employment fostering and entrepreneurship (E1) | Individual safety (L1) |
The innovative transport system, non-motorized vehicles (M2) | Innovations and strategic investment (E2) | Good and affordable housing conditions (L2) |
Local and international accessibility (M3) | Economic opportunities (E3) | Utilities and infrastructure equipment (L3) |
Productivity (E4) | Health services (L4) | |
Transformation capacity and market flexibility (E5) | Education and training (L5) | |
Economy promotion and market competitiveness (E6) | Social integration and recreation (L6) | |
E-business, e-commerce (E7) | Culture and tourism (L7) | |
Integration with national, international market (E8) |
Governance | Citizens | Environment |
The non-existence of strategies for smart city development | Limited participation in the local community | No sustainable management for brownfield issue |
Absence of the possibility to launch civic initiatives/non-participation of citizens in local decision-making | Undeveloped awareness | Limited implementation of measures of environment protection/lack of wastewater treatment system/pollution caused by motor traffic and industry |
Partial development of open data | Medium degree of qualification, education/highly educated people emigration | Inability to control water consumption in old objects |
Partial transparency in urban management | No motivation for life-long learning | Poor implementation of RES |
Creativity, flexibility, and open-mindedness of people | The non-existence of high-energy buildings/application of energy efficiency measures limited to only new facilities | |
High social diversity/low ethnic diversity | The problem of wild landfills | |
Natural attractiveness | ||
Mobility | Economy | Livability |
Insufficiently developed ICT infrastructure | Low degree of entrepreneurship | Insecurity and violence |
Urban unpredictable cycling routes/favoring motor vehicles | Insufficient investment in new technologies | Inadequate living/housing conditions due to poverty |
Good local and international accessibility | Economic inequality unemployment/uneven development of the economy by regions | Good development of utilities and infrastructure equipment |
Undeveloped manufacturing sector | Good development of health services | |
No market flexibility | No programs for the education of existentially endangered persons | |
Lack of market competitiveness | Limited social integration | |
Poor development of e-business | High potentials in tourism and culture/low promotion of them |
Linguistic Variables | Trapezoidal Interval Fuzzy Scales | |
---|---|---|
Equally important (EI) | Upper T1FS (1,1,1,1,1,1) | Lower T1FS (1,1,1,1,0.9,0.9) |
Intermediate value (IV1) | (1,3/2,5/2,3,1,1) | (5/4,3/2,5/2,11/4,0.9,0.9) |
Moderately—More important (MMI) | (2,5/2,7/2,4,1,1) | (9/4,5/2,7/2,15/4,0.9,0.9) |
Intermediate value (IV2) | (3,7/2,9/2,5,1,1) | (13/4,7/2,9/2,19/4,0.9,0.9) |
Strongly—More important (SMI) | (4,9/2,11/2,6,1,1) | (17/4,9/2,11/2,23/4,0.9,0.9) |
Intermediate value (IV3) | (5,11/2,13/2,7,1,1) | (21/4,11/2,13/2,27/4,0.9,0.9) |
Very strongly—More important (VSMI) | (6,13/2,15/2,8,1,1) | (25/4,13/2,15/2,31/4,0.9,0.9) |
Intermediate value (IV4) | (7,15/2,17/2,9,1,1) | (29/4,15/2,17/2,35/4,0.9,0.9) |
Extremely—More important (EMI) | (9,9,9,9,1,1) | (9,9,9,9,0.9,0.9) |
G | C | E | L | M | O | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | ||||||
C | ||||||
E | ||||||
L | ||||||
M | ||||||
O |
G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | ||||
G2 | ||||
G3 | ||||
G4 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | ||||||
C2 | ||||||
C3 | ||||||
C4 | ||||||
C5 | ||||||
C6 |
E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | E5 | E6 | E7 | E8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1 | ||||||||
E2 | ||||||||
E3 | ||||||||
E4 | ||||||||
E5 | ||||||||
E6 | ||||||||
E7 | 1/ | |||||||
E8 | 1/ |
L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | L7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | |||||||
L2 | |||||||
L3 | |||||||
L4 | |||||||
L5 | |||||||
L6 | 1/ | ||||||
L7 | 1/ |
M1 | M2 | M3 | |
---|---|---|---|
M1 | |||
M2 | |||
M3 |
O1 | O2 | O3 | O4 | O5 | O6 | O7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O1 | |||||||
O2 | |||||||
O3 | |||||||
O4 | |||||||
O5 | |||||||
O6 | 1/ | ||||||
O7 | 1/ | 1/ |
Upper Trapeze | Lower Trapeze | Weight | |
---|---|---|---|
Smart City | WC | ||
G | (0.1892,0.2675,0.4815,0.6481,1,1) | (0.2268,0.2675,0.4815,0.5569,0.9,0,9) | 0.380552 |
C | (0.1092,0.1618,0.3176,0.455,1,1) | (0.1343,0.1618,0.3176,0.3778,0.9,0,9) | 0.248436 |
E | (0.06882,0.09676,0.1795,0.2554,1,1) | (0.08222,0.09676,0.1795,0.2124,0.9,0,9) | 0.142998 |
L | (0.06882,0.09676,0.1795,0.2554,1,1) | (0.08222,0.09676,0.1795,0.2124,0.9,0,9) | 0.142998 |
M | (0.04382,0.05647,0.1003,0.147,1,1) | (0.04974,0.05647,0.1003,0.1200,0.9,0,9) | 0.082384 |
O | (0.04382,0.05647,0.1003,0.147,1,1) | (0.04974,0.05647,0.1003,0.1200,0.9,0,9) | 0.082384 |
Smart Governance | WSC | ||
G1 | (0.2339,0.3353,0.6052,0.8102,1,1) | (0.2828,0.3353,0.6052,0.6984,0.9,0,9) | 0.476575 |
G2 | (0.1256,0.1866,0.3675,0.5331,1,1) | (0.1548,0.1866,0.3675,0.439,0.9,0,9) | 0.288254 |
G3 | (0.08886,0.111,0.184,0.2588,1,1) | (0.09953,0.111,0.184,0.2162,0.9,0,9) | 0.153315 |
G4 | (0.08886,0.111,0.184,0.2588,1,1) | (0.09953,0.111,0.184,0.2162,0.9,0,9) | 0.153315 |
Smart Citizens | WSC | ||
C1 | (0.2088,0.283,0.4742,0.6116,1,1) | (0.2449,0.283,0.4742,0.5376,0.9,0,9) | 0.38026 |
C2 | (0.1275,0.1787,0.3211,0.4390,1,1) | (0.1522,0.1787,0.3211,0.3735,0.9,0,9) | 0.255274 |
C3 | (0.09120,0.1158,0.1894,0.2546,1,1) | (0.1029,0.1158,0.1894,0.2180,0.9,0,9) | 0.155862 |
C4 | (0.09120,0.1158,0.1894,0.2546,1,1) | (0.1029,0.1158,0.1894,0.2180,0.9,0,9) | 0.155862 |
C5 | (0.03914,0.04993,0.08271,0.1112,1,1) | (0.04426,0.04993,0.08271,0.0953,0.9,0,9) | 0.0677521 |
C6 | (0.02179,0.02672,0.04131,0.05358,1,1) | (0.02414,0.02672,0.04131,0.04679,0.9,0,9) | 0.0344498 |
Smart Economy | WSC | ||
E1 | (0.1523,0.2146,0.3815,0.5080,1,1) | (0.1824,0.2146,0.3815,0.4391,0.9,0,9) | 0.301873 |
E2 | (0.1024,0.1401,0.2470,0.3365,1,1) | (0.1205,0.1401,0.2470,0.2867,0.9,0,9) | 0.197718 |
E3 | (0.1024,0.1401,0.2470,0.3365,1,1) | (0.1205,0.1401,0.2470,0.2867,0.9,0,9) | 0.197718 |
E4 | (0.05703,0.08217,0.1612,0.2367,1,1) | (0.06893,0.08217,0.1612,0.1936,0.9,0,9) | 0.127358 |
E5 | (0.03783,0.05192,0.09455,0.1338,1,1) | (0.04456,0.05192,0.09455,0.1115,0.9,0,9) | 0.0757648 |
E6 | (0.03783,0.05192,0.09455,0.1338,1,1) | (0.04456,0.05192,0.09455,0.1115,0.9,0,9) | 0.0757648 |
E7 | (0.02563,0.0327,0.05679,0.08127,1,1) | (0.02897,0.0327,0.05679,0.06717,0.9,0,9) | 0.0466518 |
E8 | (0.02563,0.0327,0.05679,0.08127,1,1) | (0.02897,0.0327,0.05679,0.06717,0.9,0,9) | 0.0466518 |
Smart Livability | WSC | ||
L1 | (0.1648,0.2332,0.4139,0.5494,1,1) | (0.1979,0.2332,0.4139,0.4758,0.9,0,9) | 0.327224 |
L2 | (0.1109,0.1502,0.2610,0.3542,1,1) | (0.1298,0.1502,0.2610,0.3023,0.9,0,9) | 0.209866 |
L3 | (0.1109,0.1502,0.2610,0.3542,1,1) | (0.1298,0.1502,0.2610,0.3023,0.9,0,9) | 0.209866 |
L4 | (0.06276,0.08784,0.1682,0.2469,1,1) | (0.07460,0.08784,0.1682,0.2018,0.9,0,9) | 0.134078 |
L5 | (0.03926,0.0550,0.1041,0.1505,1,1) | (0.04678,0.0550,0.1041,0.1241,0.9,0,9) | 0.0829211 |
L6 | (0.02944,0.0370,0.06164,0.08513,1,1) | (0.03305,0.0370,0.06164,0.07177,0.9,0,9) | 0.050878 |
L7 | (0.02944,0.0370,0.06164,0.08513,1,1) | (0.03305,0.0370,0.06164,0.07177,0.9,0,9) | 0.050878 |
Smart Mobility | WSC | ||
M1 | (0.3132,0.4288,0.7142,0.9187,1,1) | (0.3699,0.4288,0.7142,0.8082,0.9,0,9) | 0.572792 |
M2 | (0.1897,0.2467,0.4228,0.591,1,1) | (0.2168,0.2467,0.4228,0.4949,0.9,0,9) | 0.345648 |
M3 | (0.08001,0.09844,0.1547,0.205,1,1) | (0.08878,0.09844,0.1547,0.1768,0.9,0,9) | 0.128952 |
Smart Environment | WSC | ||
O1 | (0.1859,0.2542,0.4344,0.5685,1,1) | (0.2189,0.2542,0.4344,0.4957,0.9,0,9) | 0.347233 |
O2 | (0.1150,0.1633,0.3001,0.4144,1,1) | (0.1382,0.1633,0.3001,0.3508,0.9,0,9) | 0.237389 |
O3 | (0.07815,0.1047,0.1819,0.2493,1,1) | (0.09089,0.1047,0.1819,0.2115,0.9,0,9) | 0.146826 |
O4 | (0.07815,0.1047,0.1819,0.2493,1,1) | (0.09089,0.1047,0.1819,0.2115,0.9,0,9) | 0.146826 |
O5 | (0.04614,0.06271,0.116,0.1703,1,1) | (0.05396,0.06271,0.116,0.1395,0.9,0,9) | 0.0938462 |
O6 | (0.03235,0.04214,0.07402,0.1048,1,1) | (0.03695,0.04214,0.07402,0.08728,0.9,0,9) | 0.0602656 |
O7 | (0.01820,0.0226,0.03617,0.04790,1,1) | (0.02032,0.0226,0.03617,0.04137,0.9,0,9) | 0.0299542 |
Sub-Criteria | WC | WSC | WC*WSC |
---|---|---|---|
Strategies and perspectives for smart city development G1 | 0.3806 | 0.4766 | 0.1814 |
Citizens active participation in decision making G2 | 0.3806 | 0.2883 | 0.1097 |
Involvement of citizens in the community C1 | 0.2484 | 0.3803 | 0.0945 |
Raising civic awareness C2 | 0.2484 | 0.2553 | 0.0634 |
Accessibility of services and e-government G3 | 0.3806 | 0.1533 | 0.0583 |
Management transparency and use of open-data G4 | 0.3806 | 0.1533 | 0.0583 |
Integration of ICT infrastructure M1 | 0.0824 | 0.5728 | 0.0472 |
Strengthening individual citizen safety L1 | 0.1430 | 0.3272 | 0.0468 |
Self-employment fostering and entrepreneurship E1 | 0.1430 | 0.3019 | 0.0432 |
A degree of citizens qualification and education C3 | 0.2484 | 0.1559 | 0.0387 |
Affinity to life-long and e-learning C4 | 0.2484 | 0.1559 | 0.0387 |
Affordable housing and good housing condition L2 | 0.1430 | 0.2099 | 0.0300 |
Utilities and infrastructure equipment L3 | 0.1430 | 0.2099 | 0.0300 |
Sustainable urban planning and management O1 | 0.0824 | 0.3472 | 0.0286 |
Innovative transport systems with non-motorized vehicles M2 | 0.0824 | 0.3456 | 0.0285 |
Innovations and strategic investment E2 | 0.1430 | 0.1977 | 0.0283 |
Economic opportunities for citizensE3 | 0.1430 | 0.1977 | 0.0283 |
Pollution control and environment protection O2 | 0.0824 | 0.2374 | 0.0196 |
Accessibility to healthcare services L4 | 0.1430 | 0.1341 | 0.0192 |
Productivity in economy E4 | 0.1430 | 0.1274 | 0.0182 |
Creativity, flexibility, and open-mindedness C5 | 0.2484 | 0.0678 | 0.0168 |
Efficient water use O3 | 0.0824 | 0.1468 | 0.0121 |
Use of renewable energy sources O4 | 0.0824 | 0.1468 | 0.0121 |
Opportunities for education and training L5 | 0.1430 | 0.0829 | 0.0119 |
Transformation capacity and market flexibility E5 | 0.1430 | 0.0758 | 0.0108 |
Economy promotion and market competitiveness E6 | 0.1430 | 0.0758 | 0.0108 |
Good local and international accessibility to city M3 | 0.0824 | 0.1290 | 0.0106 |
The social and ethnic diversity of citizens C6 | 0.2484 | 0.0344 | 0.0086 |
Energy efficiency buildings construction O5 | 0.0824 | 0.0938 | 0.0077 |
Social integration and recreation L6 | 0.1430 | 0.0509 | 0.0073 |
Development of culture and tourism L7 | 0.1430 | 0.0509 | 0.0073 |
Economy promotion and competitiveness E6 | 0.1430 | 0.0467 | 0.0067 |
Development of e-business and e-commerce E7 | 0.1430 | 0.0467 | 0.0067 |
Management and protection of natural resources O6 | 0.0824 | 0.0603 | 0.0050 |
Nature attractiveness of landscapes O7 | 0.0824 | 0.0300 | 0.0025 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Milošević, M.R.; Milošević, D.M.; Stević, D.M.; Stanojević, A.D. Smart City: Modeling Key Indicators in Serbia Using IT2FS. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3536. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133536
Milošević MR, Milošević DM, Stević DM, Stanojević AD. Smart City: Modeling Key Indicators in Serbia Using IT2FS. Sustainability. 2019; 11(13):3536. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133536
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilošević, Mimica R., Dušan M. Milošević, Dragan M. Stević, and Ana D. Stanojević. 2019. "Smart City: Modeling Key Indicators in Serbia Using IT2FS" Sustainability 11, no. 13: 3536. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133536
APA StyleMilošević, M. R., Milošević, D. M., Stević, D. M., & Stanojević, A. D. (2019). Smart City: Modeling Key Indicators in Serbia Using IT2FS. Sustainability, 11(13), 3536. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133536