Analysis of the Accommodation Density in Coastal Tourism Areas of Insular Destinations from the Perspective of Overtourism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- ▪
- Tourism accommodation density is the most relevant parameter to measure the level of urban overcrowding in a coastal tourism area. This indicator is significant because it determines when urban overcrowding in such areas reaches a point that is undesirable for tourists, when certain carrying capacities of the area are considered to be exceeded, because they are saturated with tourist accommodation establishments and bed places. Similarly, tourist accommodation density is used as an argument when overcrowding reaches levels that cause certain tourist destinations to enter the decline stage, following the normal life cycles; remember that urban and tourism planning instruments have introduced density control indexes in order to alleviate overtourism situations. That is why we still believe that it could be used to characterize coastal tourism areas. However, using this indicator leads to some complications.
- ▪
- Tourism density is one of the main causes of overtourism. A coastal tourism area can be considered saturated by tourist accommodations when tourist satisfaction reaches a minimum level. In this way, tourist satisfaction is a perception factor that can be used to estimate when a coastal tourism area is oversaturated with tourist accommodations when that minimum level is reached, to the point of being unacceptable However, there is no direct correlation between accommodation density and level of satisfaction, at least in coastal tourism areas in the Canaries, as the high densities zones still produce high levels of satisfaction among tourists.
2. Tourist Accommodation Density and Overtourism
3. Using the Density of Tourism Accommodations Spaces to Determine the Level of Saturation in the Canary Islands
3.1. The Tourism Accommodation Saturation in Insular Destinations
3.2. The Accommodation Saturation in Coastal Tourism Areas
4. Discussion: Critical Analysis of the Use of Accommodation Density as an Indicator of the Level of Urban Saturation of Tourism Areas of Canary Islands Destination
- (a)
- The tourist profile, which is a mixture of socio-economic (income), cultural, demographic (age) and psychological characteristics [91,92], the different kinds of spaces and resources used, the type of activities they engage in [93], their personal motivations (preferences, behaviour and assessments), their psychological adaptation to different conditions and types of activities [90,94], familiarity with the destination [82], etc.
- (b)
- The behaviour of the local population. If the tourist perceives the residents to be friendly, they are more likely to forgive some of the negative effects of the feeling of overcrowding.
- (c)
- The obsolescence of tourist accommodation establishments (physical, functional, business model, organizational model, forms of segmentation, sales channels, etc.). This is not necessarily caused by poor management, but rather because they have insufficient utility or functionality or because tastes, motivations and demands change.
- (d)
- Using as a reference Wohlwill’s level of adaptation theory (1966), tourists from high-density urban areas prefer concentrated areas that are different from their normal environment, to provide contrast, but not too different [38]. Further, the tourists generally are more tolerant of visitor density when visiting a culture other than their own [10,11]. Therefore, coastal tourist areas can capture clients who are accustomed to living in heavily concentrated environments.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Condition Indicator | Utility for Analysing the Level of Overcrowding in Tourism Spaces | Playa del Inglés | Deviation from the Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regional | Insular | |||||
Tourist density: | Number of travellers accommodated per km2 | Pressure on the tourism area | 373,829.33 | 252,368.15 | 219,745.32 | |
Accommodation density | By number of accommodations spaces (per ha.) | Indicates the number of accommodations spaces that have been built. Expresses the level of accommodation pressure in each tourism area; however, a low density is not equivalent to high quality. | 139.24 | 104.03 | 89.52 | |
By number of accommodations (per km2) | 67.06 | 52.85 | 46.10 | |||
By area of the accommodation (per km2) | 0.51 | 0.36 | 0.32 | |||
Level of urban saturation | Average size of the establishments (in km2) | An urban morphology composed of small plots of land generates a sense of accumulation, of a motley and overcrowded space, like a compact, continuous and dense city, which is usually associated with density. | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.00 | |
Percentage of “saturated” plots of land | According to the Canary Islands Tourism Planning guidelines, a plot is “saturated” when it exceeds 50 m2 of plot per accommodation space | 40.4 | −9.26 | 1.02 | ||
Percentage of beach m2 | By accommodation space | The EU average is 6 m2 of beach per tourist [60] | 2.45 | −22.77 | −6.58 | |
By travellers accommodated | 10.97 | 3.35 | 4.31 | |||
Percentage of built space in relation to free space | Allows the level of occupancy of private spaces to be estimated | 4.29 | 2.00 | 2.09 | ||
Distribution of uses of tourism space (%) | Space occupied by the accommodation | Expresses the percentage of coastline not occupied by urbanization, providing a relative level of natural space | 1.96 | 1.36 | 1.35 | |
Space occupied by complementary equipment | 0 | −0.31 | −0.31 | |||
Public space | 15.2 | 0.21 | −0.24 | |||
Rest of the space | 101.74 | 25.55 | 29.37 |
Indicator | Utility for Analysing the Level of Overcrowding in Tourism Spaces | Playa del Inglés | Deviation from the Mean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regional | Insular | ||||
Loyalty: repeat visit index (%) | Provides information regarding the tourist’s level of satisfaction with the destination. | 85.1 | 9.7 | 8.2 | |
Tourist profile | Average daily spending (in euros) | A higher average expenditure can be interpreted as corresponding to a more demanding tourist, with the accompanying risk that an inversely proportional relationship is produced between the two variables. | 142.99 | 17.47 | 13.64 |
Average length of stay (in days) | Number of days that visitors remain in the regulated establishments. It is calculated as a ratio between overnight stays and the number of visitors. | 8.72 | 0.70 | 0.65 | |
Average occupancy (%) | Indicates the relation between total overnights and the product of accommodation spaces, including extra beds, and the number of days the overnights refer to | 45.2 | −16.0 | −9.5 | |
Profitability of the accommodations sector | Average Daily Rate (ADR) (in euros) | It shows the average rates that for occupied rooms, that is, the value of the establishment’s billing. | 76.24 | 9.20 | 3.33 |
Revenue Per Available Room (RevPAR) (in euros) | Shows the actual amount of income. It allows the effectiveness of the establishment to be measured, because it considers both occupied and unoccupied rooms. | 46.71 | 1.62 | −0.77 |
Visitors | Overnight Stays | Average Length of Stay | Occupancy Index per Rooms-Apartments | Occupancy Index per Accommodation Space | Average Daily Rate (ADR) (in Euros) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | 1,472,345 | 13,093,999 | 8.89 | 66.71 | 53.71 | 51.03 |
2010 | 1,390,884 | 12,316,260 | 8.85 | 66.48 | 51.40 | 53.11 |
2011 | 1,453,881 | 12,958,630 | 8.91 | 72.07 | 55.44 | 56.51 |
2012 | 1,379,927 | 12,219,271 | 8.86 | 67.66 | 52.15 | 59.44 |
2013 | 1,394,002 | 12,184,316 | 8.74 | 70.10 | 53.07 | 62.20 |
2014 | 1,384,916 | 12,028,550 | 8.69 | 69.67 | 52.68 | 66.54 |
2015 | 1,449,250 | 12,471,578 | 8.61 | 69.77 | 56.44 | 69.92 |
2016 | 1,616,666 | 13,944,100 | 8.63 | 80.12 | 64.34 | 75.24 |
2017 | 1,676,729 | 14,183,346 | 8.46 | 79.67 | 65.02 | 76.24 |
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Simancas Cruz, M.; Peñarrubia Zaragoza, M.P. Analysis of the Accommodation Density in Coastal Tourism Areas of Insular Destinations from the Perspective of Overtourism. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3031. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113031
Simancas Cruz M, Peñarrubia Zaragoza MP. Analysis of the Accommodation Density in Coastal Tourism Areas of Insular Destinations from the Perspective of Overtourism. Sustainability. 2019; 11(11):3031. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113031
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimancas Cruz, Moisés, and María Pilar Peñarrubia Zaragoza. 2019. "Analysis of the Accommodation Density in Coastal Tourism Areas of Insular Destinations from the Perspective of Overtourism" Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3031. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113031
APA StyleSimancas Cruz, M., & Peñarrubia Zaragoza, M. P. (2019). Analysis of the Accommodation Density in Coastal Tourism Areas of Insular Destinations from the Perspective of Overtourism. Sustainability, 11(11), 3031. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113031