Multilevel Modeling of Rural Livelihood Strategies from Peasant to Village Level in Henan Province, China
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework
2.4. Multi-Level Model Specification
3. Results
3.1. Outcomes of the Unconditional Models
3.2. Outcomes of the Conditional Models
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Name | Description | Min. | Max. | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables (Peasant level n = 1621) | |||||
Only on-farm | 1 if the peasant only engages in on-farm enterprises; 0 if otherwise | 0 | 1 | N/A | N/A |
Pluriactivity | 1 if the peasant engages in both on-farm and off-farm enterprises; 0 if otherwise | 0 | 1 | N/A | N/A |
Only off-farm | 1 if the peasant only engages in off-farm enterprises; 0 if otherwise | 0 | 1 | N/A | N/A |
Independent variables | |||||
Level 1—Peasant level (n = 1621) | |||||
Age | Age of peasants | 17 | 84 | 44.00 | 13.51 |
Gender | 1 if the gender of the peasant is male; 0 if the gender of the peasant is female | 0 | 1 | N/A | N/A |
Education | Educational years of peasants in school | 0 | 19 | 7.62 | 3.44 |
Level 2—Household level (n = 691) | |||||
Farm size | Household-owned farmland area (ha) | 0 | 1.53 | 0.32 | 0.19 |
Family structure | 1 if the family has members over 70 and (or) under six years of age; 0 otherwise | 0 | 1 | N/A | N/A |
Level 3—Village level (n = 70) | |||||
Topography | 1 if the village is located in a mountainous area; 0 if the village is located on a plain | 0 | 1 | N/A | N/A |
Distance | The distance from the village to the nearest urban area (km) | 1 | 100 | 20.53 | 17.80 |
Variables | Engaged in Only On-Farm | Engaged in Pluriactivity | Engaged in Only Off-Farm | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a (1) Unconditional Model | b (1) Conditional Model | a (2) Unconditional Model | b (2) Conditional Model | a (3) Unconditional Model | b (3) Conditional Model | |
Fixed effects | ||||||
Level 1—Peasant level | ||||||
Intercept | −0.756 *** | −1.197 *** | −1.224 *** | −1.369 *** | −0.339 *** | −0.527 *** |
Age | 0.110 *** | 0.031 *** | −0.127 *** | |||
Gender | −1.791 *** | 1.240 *** | 0.442 ** | |||
Education | −0.086 *** | −0.007 | 0.113 *** | |||
Level 2—Household level | ||||||
Farm size | 0.015 | −0.028 | 0.028 | |||
Family structure | −0.004 | 0.123 | −0.190 | |||
Level 3—Village level | ||||||
Topography | 0.196 | −0.015 | −0.164 | |||
Distance | 0.007 | −0.021 ** | 0.011 | |||
Random effects | ||||||
Level 2—Household level | ||||||
Var () | 0.000 | 0.330 * | 0.000 | 0.268 | 0.000 | 0.475 |
0.000 | 0.077 | 0.000 | 0.062 | 0.000 | 0.095 | |
Level 3—Village level | ||||||
Var () | 0.461 *** | 0.664 *** | 0.657 *** | 0.785 *** | 0.605 *** | 1.257 *** |
0.123 | 0.155 | 0.166 | 0.181 | 0.155 | 0.250 |
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Zhang, L.; Liao, C.; Zhang, H.; Hua, X. Multilevel Modeling of Rural Livelihood Strategies from Peasant to Village Level in Henan Province, China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2967. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10092967
Zhang L, Liao C, Zhang H, Hua X. Multilevel Modeling of Rural Livelihood Strategies from Peasant to Village Level in Henan Province, China. Sustainability. 2018; 10(9):2967. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10092967
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Le, Chuanqing Liao, Huan Zhang, and Xiaobo Hua. 2018. "Multilevel Modeling of Rural Livelihood Strategies from Peasant to Village Level in Henan Province, China" Sustainability 10, no. 9: 2967. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10092967
APA StyleZhang, L., Liao, C., Zhang, H., & Hua, X. (2018). Multilevel Modeling of Rural Livelihood Strategies from Peasant to Village Level in Henan Province, China. Sustainability, 10(9), 2967. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10092967