Estimating the Blue Water Footprint of In-Field Crop Losses: A Case Study of U.S. Potato Cultivation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. System Boundary and Definitions
2.2. Data Sources and Limitations
2.2.1. USDA NASS Survey Data
- = Average pre-harvest agricultural potato losses (tonnes) based on NASS loss estimate by state (s), 2012–2016
- = Acres planted estimate from NASS by state (s), average value 2012–2016
- = Acres harvested estimate from NASS by state (s), average value 2012–2016
- = Yield per acre estimate from NASS by state (s), average value 2012–2016
2.2.2. USDA RMA Data
- = Average relative agricultural potato losses based on RMA losses estimate by state (s) and damage type (d), 2012–2016
- = Average acreage of potato losses from the RMA data, 2012–2016, by state (s) and damage type (d)
- = Average potato acreage harvested from RMA-insured farms, 2012–2016, by state (s)
- = Imputed average acreage of potato losses by state (s) and damage type (d), 2012–2016
2.2.3. NASS Objective Yield Survey
- = Average total potato losses (tonnes) at harvest by state (s), 2012–2016
- = Average measured losses (tonnes/acre) at harvest from the NASS OY survey by state (s), 2012–2016
2.2.4. Water Use Data: USDA NASS
2.3. Estimating the Blue Water Footprint of Potato Losses
- = Average blue water footprint of pre-harvest potato losses (tonnes) by state (s), 2012–2016
- = Water applied per tonne of potatoes produced on irrigated acres, 2012
- = Irrigated acres harvested by state (s), 2012
- = Average blue water footprint of harvest potato losses (tonnes) by state (s), 2012–2016
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparison of Pre-Harvest Potato Loss Estimation: NASS and RMA
3.2. Pre-Harvest and Harvest Potato Losses
3.3. Blue Water Footprint Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Loss Category | Idaho | Washington | Wisconsin | North Dakota | Oregon | Minnesota | Maine |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excess Rain | 9600 | 9163 | 8094 | 71,849 | 575 | 13,047 | 5564 |
Cold Wet Weather | 387 | 3131 | 0 | 3101 | 185 | 0 | 0 |
Hail | 1640 | 0 | 0 | 3094 | 37 | 0 | 27 |
Flood | 348 | 0 | 0 | 439 | 0 | 2628 | 0 |
Precipitation/Flood | 11,975 | 12,294 | 8094 | 78,482 | 796 | 15,675 | 5590 |
Drought | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6223 | 0 | 4858 | 381 |
Heat | 3039 | 0 | 1575 | 669 | 966 | 0 | 12 |
Hot Wind | 242 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Excess Wind | 383 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Drought/Heat/Wind | 3665 | 0 | 1575 | 6892 | 966 | 4858 | 393 |
Freeze | 1373 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1676 | 0 | 0 |
Frost | 3020 | 0 | 619 | 0 | 234 | 0 | 0 |
Freeze/Frost | 4393 | 0 | 619 | 0 | 1910 | 0 | 0 |
Insect | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 504 |
Disease | 1071 | 0 | 2261 | 1290 | 1922 | 688 | 2581 |
Insect/Disease | 1071 | 0 | 2261 | 1290 | 1936 | 688 | 3085 |
Other | 0 | 0 | 559 | 513 | 41 | 1284 | 0 |
Pre-Harvest Losses | 21,103 | 12,294 | 13,107 | 87,177 | 5649 | 22,505 | 9068 |
Harvest Losses | 380,387 | 168,298 | 50,751 | 146,788 | 41,816 | 65,667 | 52,159 |
Total Losses | 401,491 | 180,592 | 63,858 | 233,965 | 47,466 | 88,172 | 61,227 |
Production/Loss Category | Idaho | Washington | Wisconsin | North Dakota | Oregon | Minnesota | Maine |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potential Production (tonnes) | 6,883,458 | 5,085,819 | 1,420,432 | 1,307,346 | 1,141,731 | 891,174 | 795,818 |
Pre-Harvest Losses (tonnes) | 21,103 | 12,294 | 13,107 | 87,177 | 5649 | 22,505 | 9068 |
Harvest Losses (tonnes) | 38,0387 | 168,298 | 50,751 | 146,788 | 41,816 | 65,667 | 52,159 |
Total Losses (tonnes) | 401,491 | 180,592 | 63,858 | 233,965 | 47,466 | 88,172 | 61,227 |
Pre-Harvest Losses (%) | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.9% | 6.7% | 0.5% | 2.5% | 1.1% |
Harvest Losses (%) | 5.5% | 3.3% | 3.6% | 11.2% | 3.7% | 7.4% | 6.6% |
Total Losses (%) | 5.8% | 3.5% | 4.5% | 17.9% | 4.2% | 9.9% | 7.7% |
Indicator | Idaho | Washington | Wisconsin | North Dakota | Oregon | Minnesota | Maine |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrigated Water Applied (m3/tonne) | 121 | 114 | 59 | 49 | 148 | 89 | 39 |
Percent Irrigated Acreage (%) | 100% | 85% | 100% | 36% | 90% | 55% | 7% |
Blue Water Footprint (Mm3) | 48.50 | 17.49 | 3.78 | 4.11 | 6.31 | 4.29 | 0.16 |
Pre-Harvest | 2.55 | 1.19 | 0.78 | 1.53 | 0.75 | 1.09 | 0.02 |
Harvest | 45.95 | 16.30 | 3.01 | 2.58 | 5.56 | 3.19 | 0.14 |
Blue Water Footprint Intensity (m3/tonne) | 7.07 | 3.45 | 2.69 | 3.37 | 5.28 | 4.94 | 0.21 |
Pre-Harvest | 0.37 | 0.23 | 0.55 | 1.26 | 0.63 | 1.26 | 0.03 |
Harvest | 6.70 | 3.21 | 2.14 | 2.11 | 4.65 | 3.68 | 0.17 |
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Spang, E.S.; Stevens, B.D. Estimating the Blue Water Footprint of In-Field Crop Losses: A Case Study of U.S. Potato Cultivation. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2854. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082854
Spang ES, Stevens BD. Estimating the Blue Water Footprint of In-Field Crop Losses: A Case Study of U.S. Potato Cultivation. Sustainability. 2018; 10(8):2854. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082854
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpang, Edward S., and Bret D. Stevens. 2018. "Estimating the Blue Water Footprint of In-Field Crop Losses: A Case Study of U.S. Potato Cultivation" Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2854. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082854