The Effect of Public Participation on Environmental Governance in China–Based on the Analysis of Pollutants Emissions Employing a Provincial Quantification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Theoretical Model
3.1. Considerations of Local Government and Enterprises in Environmental Governance
3.2. The Impact of Public Participation on Environmental Governance
4. The Effect of Public Participation on Environmental Governance
4.1. Model and Variables
4.2. Descriptive Statistics and Test
4.3. Results and Discussions
4.3.1. Public Participation Promotes Environmental Governance
4.3.2. Limits of Governments and Enterprises
4.3.3. Contributions of FDI and Technology
4.3.4. The Sensitivity Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Types | Variable | Variable Meaning and Calculation Method | Observation Number | Mean | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable | SO2 | sulfur dioxide per capita (ton/person) | 150 | 0.0191 | 0.0129 | 0.0026 | 0.0645 |
NOx | nitrogen oxide per capita (ton/person) | 150 | 0.0184 | 0.0125 | 0.0054 | 0.0720 | |
COD | chemical oxygen demand per capita (ton/person) | 150 | 0.0156 | 0.0078 | 0.0050 | 0.0411 | |
NH4 | ammonia nitrogen per capita (ton/person) | 150 | 0.0015 | 0.0006 | 0.0004 | 0.0028 | |
Core Variables | PP | number of public environmental complaint/number of local population | 150 | 0.0009 | 0.0008 | 0.0001 | 0.0036 |
GOV | Investment of environmental pollution control/GDP | 150 | 1.5020 | 0.6559 | 0.4559 | 3.8121 | |
ENT | Investment in the construction project of industrial pollution prevention and control investment shall be completed this year. (ten thousand yuan) | 150 | 53.7167 | 47.0757 | 5.5810 | 347.7379 | |
Control Variables | FDI | FDI/GDP | 150 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0000 | 0.0013 |
TEC | Technical market turnover/GDP | 150 | 0.0095 | 0.0222 | 0.0002 | 0.1462 |
Variables | Assumes Common Unit Root Process | Assumes Individual Unit Root Process |
---|---|---|
LLC Test | Fisher-ADF Test | |
SO2 | −17.475 *** (0.000) | 141.606 *** (0.000) |
NOx | −9.686 *** (0.000) | 131.764 *** (0.000) |
COD | −11.919 *** (0.000) | 140.760 *** (0.000) |
NH4 | −9.415 *** (0.000) | 132.732 *** (0.000) |
PP | −9.096 *** (0.000) | 129.227 *** (0.000) |
GOV | −16.827 *** (0.000) | 183.209 *** (0.000) |
ENT | −10.605 *** (0.000) | 152.931 *** (0.000) |
FDI | −60.172 *** (0.000) | 540.689 *** (0.000) |
TEC | −9.059 *** (0.000) | 166.411 *** (0.000) |
White Test | Davidson-MacKinnon Test | Hausman-Wu Test | |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable SO2 | [24.05] (0.240) | [3.576] (0.064) | [0.262] (0.609) |
Dependent Variable NOx | [25.89] (0.169) | [0.049] (0.825) | [0.622] (0.432) |
Dependent Variable COD | [11.62] (0.929) | [0.846] (0.360) | [0.081] (0.775) |
Dependent Variable NH4 | [29.55] (0.078) | [0.792] (0.376) | [0.105] (0.746) |
Variables | SO2 | NOX | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | |
C | 0.0174 (12.46) *** | 0.0170 (12.44) *** | 0.0188 (33.8) *** | 0.0189 (23.29) *** | 0.0113 (7.69) *** | 0.0145 (10.99) *** | 0.0197 (25.65) *** | 0.0203 (18.76) *** |
PP | −1.7418 (−2.21) ** | 0.1360 (−0.18) | ||||||
L1.PP | −1.2894 (−2.46) ** | −0.3876 (−0.68) | ||||||
L2.PP | −1.2200 (−3.03) *** | −0.9958 (−2.67) *** | −1.8291 (−3.35) *** | −1.2735 (−2.90) *** | ||||
GOV | 0.0011 (1.82) * | 0.0012 (2.33) ** | 0.0001 (−0.29) | −0.0003 0.73 | 0.0019 (2.18) * | 0.0020 (2.64) ** | 0.0007 (1.31) | 0.0009 (1.71) * |
ENT | 3.11 × 10−5 (2.05) ** | 2.13 × 10−5 (1.84) * | 1.5 × 10−5 (4.42) *** | 1.54 × 10−5 (4.66) *** | 7.87 × 10−5 (3.77) *** | 3.73 × 10−5 (4.80) *** | 1.35 × 10−5 (4.00) *** | 1.39 × 10−5 (4.20) *** |
FDI | 2.4751 (−0.13) | −22.5072 (−0.83) | ||||||
TEC | −0.0661 (−1.88) * | −0.0621 (−2.23) ** | ||||||
R-sq | 0.6069 | 0.6688 | 0.5852 | 0.3275 | 0.8327 | 0.8413 | 0.5478 | 0.3387 |
F Test | 2.7400 | 4.4000 | 10.5100 | 7.9400 | 10.7000 | 10.5600 | 13.9400 | 10.6700 |
FE/RE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE |
Variables | COD | NH4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 9 | Model 10 | Model 11 | Model 12 | Model 13 | Model 14 | Model 15 | Model 16 | |
C | 0.0044 (−1.65) | 0.0076 (3.07) ** | 0.0196 (47.06) *** | 0.0198 (36.72) *** | 0.0008 (3.70) *** | 0.0012 (5.92) *** | 0.0020 (46.67) *** | 0.0020 (29.46) *** |
PP | 1.5859 (2.18) ** | 0.3405 (3.31) *** | ||||||
L1.PP | 1.1324 (−1.48) | 0.1358 (2.14) ** | ||||||
L2.PP | −0.9630 (−3.21) *** | −0.7780 (−2.50) ** | −0.1189 (−3.61) *** | −0.0914 (−2.60) ** | ||||
GOV | 0.0033 (1.91) * | 0.0023 (−1.29) | −0.0001 (−0.48) | 1.27 × 10−5 (−0.05) | 0.0001 (−0.85) | 6.02 × 10−5 (−0.41) | −1.68 × 10−5 (−0.74) | −6.88 × 10−6 (−0.03) |
ENT | 8.94 × 10−5 (4.07) *** | 8.32 × 10−5 (3.91) *** | 6.69 × 10−6 (3.34) *** | 6.94 × 10−6 (3.51) *** | 5.57 × 10−6 (3.29) *** | 4.74 × 10−6 (2.83) *** | 4.32 × 10−7 (2.00) * | 4.54 × 10−7 (2.13) ** |
FDI | −1.2083 (−0.09) | −1.0075 (−0.52) | ||||||
TEC | −0.0430 (−2.53) ** | −0.0034 (−1.71) * | ||||||
R-sq | 0.3229 | 0.2794 | 0.2193 | 0.2526 | 0.2620 | 0.1313 | 0.2899 | 0.3254 |
F test | 10.5400 | 10.1600 | 12.8700 | 7.1500 | 8.0800 | 5.3800 | 9.9900 | 5.1900 |
FE/RE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE |
Variables | Eastern Region | Central Region | West Region | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 17: SO2 | Model 18: NOX | Model 19: SO2 | Model 20: NOX | Model 21: SO2 | Model 22: NOX | |
C | 0.0146 (24.73) *** | 0.0191 (11.65) *** | 0.0149 (34.86) *** | 0.0088 (6.47) *** | 0.0223 (−5.11) | 0.0132 (3.82) *** |
L1.PP | −1.5462 (−3.20) *** | −1.1978 (−3.28) *** | −5.0328 (−6.12) *** | 2.5331 (0.76) | −0.9474 (−1.82) * | 0.2480 (−0.44) |
GOV | 0.0008 (4.48) *** | 0.0008 (1.32) | −0.0002 (−0.9) | 0.0035 (3.00) ** | 0.0022 (2.58) ** | 0.0026 (2.40) ** |
ENT | 5.0 × 10−7 (0.04) | 3.0 × 10−5 (1.43) | 4.0 × 10−5 (5.28) *** | 0.0001 (4.29) *** | 2.51 × 10−5 (−1.47) | 3.99 × 10−5 (3.89) *** |
FDI | −31.7799 (−2.52) ** | −92.7694 (−2.51) ** | 83.1095 (3.29) ** | −173.1999 (−1.33) | 52.5372 (−0.27) | 224.5841 (−1.38) |
TEC | 0.0309 (1.17) | 0.0277 (0.70) | −0.0177 (−0.49) | 0.1842 (3.29) ** | 0.0500 (−0.72) | 0.1455 (−1.28) |
R-sq | 0.4574 | 0.3018 | 0.6783 | 0.7010 | 0.8335 | 0.6495 |
F test | 19.52 | 93.31 | 39.17 | 86.13 | 2.74 | 3.87 |
FE/RE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE | FE |
Public Participation | Governmental Behaviors | Enterprises’ Behaviors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
SO2 | regression coefficient | −0.9958 | −0.0003 | 1.54 × 10−5 |
standard deviation | 0.0008 | 0.6559 | 47.0757 | |
sensitivity coefficient | −0.0618 | −0.0153 | 0.0562 | |
NOX | regression coefficient | −1.2735 | 0.0009 | 1.39 × 10−5 |
standard deviation | 0.0008 | 0.6559 | 47.0757 | |
sensitivity coefficient | −0.0815 | 0.0472 | 0.0523 | |
COD | regression coefficient | −0.7780 | 1.27 × 10−5 | 6.94 × 10−6 |
standard deviation | 0.0008 | 0.6559 | 47.0757 | |
sensitivity coefficient | −0.0798 | 0.0011 | 0.0419 | |
NH4 | regression coefficient | −0.0914 | −6.88 × 10−6 | 4.54 × 10−7 |
standard deviation | 0.0008 | 0.6559 | 47.0757 | |
sensitivity coefficient | −0.1219 | −0.0075 | 0.0356 |
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Zhang, T.; Chen, C. The Effect of Public Participation on Environmental Governance in China–Based on the Analysis of Pollutants Emissions Employing a Provincial Quantification. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2302. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072302
Zhang T, Chen C. The Effect of Public Participation on Environmental Governance in China–Based on the Analysis of Pollutants Emissions Employing a Provincial Quantification. Sustainability. 2018; 10(7):2302. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072302
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Tong, and Chaofan Chen. 2018. "The Effect of Public Participation on Environmental Governance in China–Based on the Analysis of Pollutants Emissions Employing a Provincial Quantification" Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2302. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072302