Woody Encroachment as a Social-Ecological Regime Shift
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Regime Shift Synthesis
3.1. Alternative Regimes: Grassy and Woody
3.2. Feedback Mechanisms
3.2.1. Grassy Regime
3.2.2. Woody Regime
3.3. Drivers of Woody Encroachment
3.3.1. Internal System Changes
Tree Density
Grazers and Browsers
Soil Moisture
3.3.2. External Drivers
Population Growth and Urbanization
Land-Use, Institutional Arrangements and Worldviews
Carbon Dioxide
3.3.3. Shocks
3.4. Management Options and Leverage Points
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Luvuno, L.; Biggs, R.; Stevens, N.; Esler, K. Woody Encroachment as a Social-Ecological Regime Shift. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072221
Luvuno L, Biggs R, Stevens N, Esler K. Woody Encroachment as a Social-Ecological Regime Shift. Sustainability. 2018; 10(7):2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072221
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuvuno, Linda, Reinette Biggs, Nicola Stevens, and Karen Esler. 2018. "Woody Encroachment as a Social-Ecological Regime Shift" Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072221
APA StyleLuvuno, L., Biggs, R., Stevens, N., & Esler, K. (2018). Woody Encroachment as a Social-Ecological Regime Shift. Sustainability, 10(7), 2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072221