Addressing the Passenger Transport and Accessibility Enablers for Sustainable Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Framing the Research
2.1. Accessibility Concept Definition
2.2. Passenger T&A and Insular Regional Relevance
2.3. Passenger T&A and Tourism Relevance
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. The Mediterranean as a Study Area
3.2. Identifying the Passenger Ports
3.3. Database Creation for Analyzing T&A Enablers
3.4. Normalizing the Database for Geo-Spatial Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Enabling Factor: Port Infrastructure
4.2. Enabling Factor: Hinterland Accessibility
4.3. Enabling Factor: Multimodality
4.4. Cumulative Level of the Enabling Factors
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix
Port_Name | Country | Port_Type | Ma x_Length_m | Max_Oraught_m | Berth_Numbers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adria Bar | Montenegro | Cruise_Ferry | 330 | 12 | 2 |
Alanya | Turkev | Cruise | 300 | 8.5 | 6 |
Alcudia | Spain | Cruise_Ferry | 200 | 8 | |
Alexandria | Egypt | Cruise | 250 | 10 | 4 |
Alicante | Spaio | Cruise_Ferry | 339 | 8.8 | |
Almeria | Spaio | Cruise | 450 | 10 | |
Ancona | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | 275 | 10.5 | 11 |
Ant alya | Turkey | Cruise | 340 | 9.5 | |
Antibes | France | Cruise | |||
Barcelona | Spain | Cruise_Ferry | 430 | 16 | 9 |
Bari | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | 330 | 12 | Cruise_3 Ferry_9 |
Bastia | France | Cruise_Ferry | 230 | 9 | 8 |
Bodrum | Turkey | Cruise_Ferry | 340 | 9 | 3 |
Brindisi | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | 300 | 8 | |
Cagliari | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | Unlimited | 10 | |
Calvi | France | Cruise_Ferry | |||
Cannes | France | Cruise | 140 | 5.5 | |
Cartagena | Spaio | Cruise | 560 | 12 | |
Caste116n | Spain | Cruise | 300 | 14.5 | |
Catania | lt aly | Cruise_Ferry | Unlimited | 10 | |
Ceuta | Spaio | Cruise_Ferry | 416 | 14 | 1 |
Civitavecchia | lt aly | Cruise_Ferry | 28 | ||
Corfu | Greece | Cruise_Ferry | 770 | 11 | |
Oubrovnik | Croatia | Cruise_Ferry | Unlimited | 11 | |
Genoa | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | Unlimited | 10.5 | 12 |
Gibraltar | United Kingdom | Cruise_Ferry | Unlimited | 9.6 | |
Gioia Tauro | ltaly | Cruise | |||
Heraklion | Greece | Cruise_Ferry | >350 | 14 | 8 |
lbiza | Spain | Cruise_Ferry | 392 | 4 | |
lgoumenitsa | Greece | Cruise_Ferry | 420 | 10.5 | 18 |
l'ile-Rousse | France | Cruise_Ferry | |||
Istanbul | Turkey | Cruise_Ferry | Unlimited | 8.6 | 8 |
Kavala | Greece | Cruise_Ferry | 360 | 10 | |
Koper | Slovenia | Cruise_Ferry | 350 | 10 | |
Korcula | Croatia | Cruise_Ferry | 170 | 6.5 | |
Kotor | Montenegro | Cruise_Ferry | 280 | 7.8 | 5 |
Kusadasi | Turkey | Cruise_Ferry | 370 | 10 | 8 |
La Spezia | ltaly | Cruise | 625 | 10.5 | |
Larnaca | Cyprus | Cruise | 250 | 11.4 | |
Latsi | Cyprus | Cruise | Anchorage | ||
Limassol | Cyprus | Cruise_Ferry | Unlimited | 15 | 5 |
Livorno | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | 250 | 12 | 9 |
Mahon | Spaio | Cruise | 8 | 4 | |
Malaga | Spain | Cruise_Ferry | 555 | 17 | |
Marseille | France | Cruise_Ferry | 200 | 14.5 | 8 |
Mersin | Turkey | Cruise_Ferry | 360 | 15.5 | 21_indudingcargo berths |
Messina | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | >300 | 12 | 5 |
Milazzo | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | |||
Monaco | Monaco | Cruise_Ferry | 300 | Unlimited | |
Motril | Spaio | Cruise_Ferry | 250 | 10.5 | |
Naples | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | 388 | 12 | 4 |
Nice | France | Cruise_Ferry | 240 | 7.8 | 5 |
Palamos | Spaio | Cruise | 553 | 12 | |
Palermo | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | Unlimited | 12 | 9 |
Palma de Mallorca | Spain | Cruise_Ferry | 440 | 10 | 8 |
Paphos | Cyprus | Cruise | Anchorage | ||
Patras | Greece | Cruise_Ferry | 340 | 10.5 | 4 |
Piraeus | Greece | Cruise_Ferry | 395 | 11 | 9 |
Port Said | Egypt | Cruise | 220 | 11 | |
Portoferraio | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | 200 | 7.5 | |
Portofino | ltaly | Cruise | |||
Ravenna | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | 330 | 8.8 | |
Rijeka | Croatia | Cruise_Ferry | 360 | 10.5 | |
Savona | ltaly | Cruise | 310 | 8.5 | |
Sete | France | Cruise_Ferry | 250 | 13 | 6 |
Sibenik | Croatia | Cruise_Ferry | 260 | 9 | 5 |
Souda Chania | Greece | Cruise | >300 | 10 | |
Split | Croatia | Cruise_Ferry | 320 | 9.5 | 6 |
Taranto | ltaly | Cruise | 300 | 11 | 4 |
Tarragona | Spaio | Cruise | 560 | 18 | |
Thessaloniki | Greece | Cruise_Ferry | 370 | 8 | |
Toulon | France | Cruise_Ferry | 340 | 10 | 4 |
Trieste | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | Unlimited | 18 | |
Tunis | Tunisia | Cruise_Ferry | 330 | 9 | 8 |
Valencia | Spaio | Cruise_Ferry | 400 | 17.5 | s |
Valletta | Malta | Cruise_Ferry | 360 | 13.7 | 6 |
Venice | ltaly | Cruise_Ferry | 340 | 9.1 | 6 |
Volos | Greece | Cruise_Ferry | 445 | 11 | 5 |
Zadar | Croatia | Cruise_Ferry | 375 | 12 | 5 |
Port_Name | Distance_CityCentre_km | Nearest_Airport_km | lntercity_Bus_Tenninal_km | lntercity _Train_Station_km |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adria Bar | 0.05 | 51 | 0.8 | |
Alanya | 0 | 45 | 2 | |
Alcudia | 3 | 70 | 0.7 | |
Alexandria | 1.5 | 32 | 5 | 1.5 |
Alicante | 1 | 10 | 1.8 | 2 |
Almeria | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1 |
Ancona | 0 | 18 | 1 | 1 |
Antalya | 15 | 16 | 11 | |
Antibes | 0 | 19 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
Barcelona | 2.5 | 14 | 8.9 | 8.4 |
Bari | 0.8 | 10 | 1 | 1 |
Bastia | 0 | 21 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
Bodrum | 2 | 37 | 1.3 | |
Brindisi | 1 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
Cagliari | 0.5 | 10 | 0 | 0.5 |
Calvi | 0 | 6 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
Cannes | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
Cartagena | 0.2 | 30 | 3.9 | 1 |
Castell6n | 4 | 40.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 |
Catania | 0.5 | 6 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
Ceuta | 0.1 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.8 |
Civitavecchia | 0.5 | 68 | 2 | 2 |
Corfu | 2 | 6 | 1 | |
Dubrovnik | 2 | 26 | 0.2 | |
Genoa | 1 | 5 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Gibraltar | 1 | 1.2 | 0.3 | |
Gioia Tauro | 7 | 79 | 12 | 12 |
Heraklion | 1.5 | 6 | 0.2 | |
lbiza | 0 | 6 | ||
lgoumenitsa | 1 | 90 | 0.5 | |
l'ile-Rousse | 0.8 | 14 | 0.5 | |
Istanbul | 0 | 19 | 0.05 | 0.3 |
Kavala | 0 | 32 | 0.3 | |
Koper | 0.1 | 66 | 1.2 | |
Korcula | 20 | 106 | ||
Kotor | 0.5 | 6 | 0.45 | |
Kusadasi | 0.05 | 76 | 2.3 | |
LaSpezia | 0.2 | 84 | 1 | 1 |
Larnaca | 0 | 5 | 0.25 | |
Latsi | 0 | 56 | 1.8 | |
Limassol | 5 | 60 | 4 | |
Livorno | 0.5 | 27 | 2 | 2 |
Mahon | 0 | 5.5 | 1.2 | |
Malaga | 1 | 20 | 1.8 | 1.5 |
Marseille | 8 | 30 | 1 | 1 |
Mersin | 0 | 93 | 1 | 3 |
Messina | 0 | 111 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
Milazzo | 0 | 143 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Monaco | 0.5 | 19 | 0.6 | |
Motril | 2 | 81 | 3 | 5 |
Naples | 0 | 16 | 0.1 | 2 |
Nice | 0 | 4 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
Palamos | 0.5 | 48 | 0.6 | 30 |
Palermo | 0.5 | 32 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Palma de Mallorca | 1 | 5 | 4.5 | |
Paphos | 0 | 19 | 0.08 | |
Patras | 0 | 40 | 0.1 | 1.2 |
Piraeus | 0.5 | 50 | 0.05 | |
Port Said | 180 | 6 | 1 | |
Portoferraio | 0 | 14 | 0.2 | |
Portofino | 0.2 | 47 | 1.5 | 6 |
Ravenna | 14 | 69 | 11 | 11 |
Rijeka | 0.5 | 31 | 0 | 1 |
Savona | 0.35 | 51 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Sete | 0.2 | 35 | 3 | 1 |
Sibenik | 0.3 | 56 | 0.08 | 0.1 |
Souda Chania | 7 | 18 | ||
Split | 0.2 | 24 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Taranto | 0.5 | 79 | 1 | 1 |
Tarragona | 1 | 85 | 4.5 | 0.55 |
Thessaloniki | 0 | 21 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Toulon | 0 | 21 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Trieste | 0 | 50 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Tunis | 10 | 14 | 1.2 | 0.6 |
Valencia | 4 | 10 | 10 | 5 |
Valletta | 1.5 | 8 | 1.1 | |
Venice | 0.5 | 14 | 0.3 | 1 |
Volos | 0.3 | 26 | 0.65 | 0.65 |
Zadar | 3 | 11 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Passenger Port | Multimodal Options | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Public Transport | Shuttle Service | Taxi Service | Car Rentals | Car Parking | |||||
Bus | Tram | Metro | Train | Water Bus | |||||
Adria Bar | N | y | y | y | y | ||||
Alanya | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Alcudia | y | N | y | y | y | ||||
Alexandria | y | y | N | y | y | y | y | ||
Alicante | y | N | y | y | y | y | y | ||
Almeria | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Ancona | y | N | y | y | y | ||||
Antalya | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Antibes | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Barcelona | y | y | y | y | y | y | |||
Bari | y | y | y | y | y | ||||
Bastia | N | y | y | y | y | ||||
Bodrum | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Brindisi | y | N | y | y | y | ||||
Cagliari | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Calvi | N | y | y | y | |||||
Cannes | y | N | N | y | y | y | |||
Cartagena | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Castell6n | y | N | y | y | y | ||||
Catania | N | N | y | y | y | ||||
Ceuta | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Civitavecchia | N | y | y | y | y | ||||
Corfu | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Dubrovnik | N | y | y | y | y | ||||
Genoa | y | y | N | y | y | y | |||
Gibraltar | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Gioia Tauro | N | y | y | y | |||||
Heraklion | y | N | N | y | y | y | |||
lbiza lgoumenitsa | y | N | y | y | y | ||||
lgoumenitsa | N | N | y | y | y | ||||
l'ile Rousse | y | N | y | y | y | ||||
Istanbul | y | y | y | y | y | y | |||
Kavala | y | N | N | y | y | y | |||
Koper | y | N | N | y | y | y | |||
Korcula | y | N | N | y | y | y | |||
Kotor | N | N | y | y | y | ||||
Kusadasi | y | N | N | y | y | y | |||
La Spezia | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Larnaca | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Latsi | N | y | y | y | |||||
Limasso1 | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Livorno | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Mahon | y | N | y | y | y | ||||
Malaga | y | N | N | y | y | y | |||
Marseille | y | y | y | y | y | y | |||
Mersin | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Messina | y | N | N | y | y | y | |||
Milazzo | N | y | y | y | |||||
Monaco | N | y | y | y | y | ||||
Motril | y | N | y | y | y | ||||
Naples | y | y | y | y | y | y | |||
Nice | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Palamos | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Palermo | y | N | N | y | y | y | |||
Palma de Mallorca | y | y | y | y | y | y | |||
Paphos | y | N | y | y | y | ||||
Patras | N | y | y | y | y | ||||
Piraeus | y | y | N | y | y | y | |||
Port Said | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Portoferraio | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Portofino | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Ravenna | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Rijeka | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Savona | N | y | y | y | |||||
Sete | N | y | y | y | y | ||||
Sibenik | y | N | N | y | y | y | |||
Souda Chania | y | N | N | y | y | y | |||
Split | y | N | N | y | y | y | y | ||
Taranto | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Tarragona | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Thessaloniki | y | y | N | y | y | y | |||
Toulon | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Trieste | y | N | y | y | y | ||||
Tunis | y | N | y | y | y | y | |||
Valeneia | y | y | y | y | y | y | |||
Valletta | y | N | y | y | y | ||||
Venice | y | y | N | y | y | y | y | y | y |
Volos | y | N | N | y | y | y | |||
Zadar | y | N | y | y | y | y |
References
- Duval, D. Tourism and Transport: Modes, Networks and Flows; Channel View Publications: Clevedon, UK, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Page, S. Tourism Management: Managing for Change; Butterworth Heinemann: Oxford, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Brookfield, H.C. The transport factor in island development. In The Island States of the Pacific and Indian Oceans: Anatomy of Development. Development Studies Centre Monograph No. 23; Shand, R.T., Ed.; Australian National University: Canberra, Australia, 1980; pp. 201–238. [Google Scholar]
- Biehl, D. The Contribution of Infrastructure to Regional Development; Final Report; Commission of the European Communities: Luxemburg, 1986. [Google Scholar]
- Farrington, J.; Farrington, C. Rural accessibility, social inclusion and social justice: Towards conceptualisation. J. Trans. Geogr. 2005, 13, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rutz, W.O.A.; Coull, J.R. Inter-island passenger shipping in Indonesia: Development of the system, present characteristics and future requirements. J. Trans. Geogr. 1996, 4, 275–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoyle, B.S. Islands, transport and development. In Insularity and Development: International Perspectives on Islands; Biagini, E., Hoyle, B.S., Eds.; Pinter: London, UK, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Velaga, N.R.; Beecroft, M.; Nelson, J.D.; Corsar, D.; Edwards, P. Transport poverty meets the digital divide: Accessibility and connectivity in rural communities. J. Trans. Geogr. 2012, 21, 102–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Velaga, N.R.; Nelson, J.D.; Wright, S.D.; Farrington, J.H. The potential role of flexible transport services in enhancing rural public transport provision. J. Public Trans. 2012, 15, 111–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lucas, K. Transport and social exclusion: Where are we now? Trans. Policy 2012, 20, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delbosc, A.; Currie, G. The spatial context of transport disadvantage, social exclusion and well-being. J. Trans. Geogr. 2011, 19, 1130–1137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wee, B.; Geurs, K. Discussing equity and social exclusion in accessibility evaluations. Eur. J. Trans. Infrastuct. Res. 2011, 11, 350–367. [Google Scholar]
- Stanley, J.K.; Hensher, D.A.; Stanley, J.R.; Vella-Brodrick, D. Mobility, social exclusion and well-being: Exploring the links. Trans. Res. A 2011, 45, 789–801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stastna, M.; Vaishar, A. The relationship between public transport and the progressive development of rural areas. Land Use Policy 2017, 67, 107–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbier, E.B.; Koch, E.W.; Silliman, B.R.; Hacker, S.D.; Wolanski, E.; Primavera, J.; Granek, E.F.; Polasky, S.; Aswani, S.; Cramer, L.A.; et al. Coastal Ecosystem-Based Management with Nonlinear Ecological Functions and Values. Science 2008, 319, 321–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barragán, J.M.; Andrés, M. Analysis and trends of the world’s coastal cities and agglomerations. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2015, 114, 11–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Zhang, P.; Jiang, X.; Lo, K. Measuring sustainable urbanization in China: A case study of the coastal Liaoning area. Sustain. Sci. 2013, 8, 585–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union. Off. J. Eur. Union 2012. [CrossRef]
- Fosse, J.; Petrick, K.; Nenci, L.; Klarwein, S.; Blondeau, R.; Frezal, C.; Roniotes, A.; Scoullos, M.; Vasilaki, V.; Greenfild, O.; et al. Towards a Green Economy in the Mediterranean—Assessment of National Green Economy and Sustainable Development Strategies in Mediterranean Countries; Eco-Union, MIO-ECSDE, GEC: Athens, Greece, 2016; Available online: http://www.medgreeneconomy.org/ (accessed on 13 December 2017).
- Nijkamp, P. Roads toward environmentally sustainable transport. Trans. Res. A 1994, 28, 261–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oberg, M.; Nilsson, K.L.; Johansson, C. Major transport corridors: The concept of sustainability in EU documents. Trans. Res. Procedia 2017, 25, 3694–3702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EC. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions—Mainstreaming Sustainable Development into EU Policies: 2009 Review of the European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development; COM/2009/0400 Final; Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Carley, M.; Christie, I. Managing Sustainable Development, 2nd ed.; Earthscan: London, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Elliott, M. The 10-tenets of integrated, successful and sustainable marine management. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2013, 74, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- MMO Potential Effects of Climate Change in South and East Marine Plan Areas. A Report Produced for the Marine Management Organization. MMO Project No: 1077. 2014. Available online: https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026754768&origin=inward&txGid=ca9b45768060a95e518918bc1db7e24b (accessed on 16 December 2017).
- European Council. Renewed Sustainable Development Strategy; Annex DOC 10917/06; European Council: Brussels, Belgium, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Gray, D.; Shaw, J.; Farrington, J. Community transport, social capital and social exclusion in rural areas. Area 2006, 38, 89–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Short, J. Environment, Global and Local Effects, Paper ECMT Conference on Transport Growth in Question; Lisbon, Portugal, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Commission of the European Communities. The Future Development of the Common Transport Policy; White Paper; Commission of the European Communities: Brussels, Belgium, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Banister, D.; Button, K. Transport, the Environment and Sustainable Development; E. and F. N. Spon: London, UK, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Button, K.J. Transport, the Environment and Economic Policy; Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham, UK, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Himanen, V.; Nijkamp, P.; Padjen, J. Environmental Quality and Transport Policy in Europe. Trans. Res. A 1992, 26, 147–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Himanen, V.; Nijkamp, P.; Padjen, J. Transport Mobility, Spatial Accessibility and Environmental Sustainability. In Europe on the Move; Nijkamp, P., Ed.; Aldershot: Avebury, UK, 1993; pp. 269–290. [Google Scholar]
- Nijkamp, P.; Priemus, H. Infrastructure and Network Access, Paper ECMT Conference on Transport Growth in Question; Lisbon, Portugal, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- EC. Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area—Towards a Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System; White Paper; COM (2011) 144 Final; Commission of the European Communities: Brussels, Belgium, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- EU. Regulation No. 1315/2013 on Legislative Act Regarding Union Guidelines for the Development of the Trans-European Network for Transports (TEN-T). Off. J. Eur. Union. 2013. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2013.348.01.0001.01.ENG (accessed on 22 January 2018).
- EC. Scandinavian-Mediterranean Core Network Corridor Study. Final Report. 2014. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/infrastructure/ten-t-guidelines/corridors/corridor-studies_en.htm (accessed on 22 December 2017).
- EC. Scandinavian Mediterranean Work Plan of the European Coordinator Pat Cox. 2015. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/infrastructure/news/doc/2015-05-28-coordinator-work-plans/wp_scanmed_final.pdf (accessed on 22 December 2017).
- Stupalo, V.; Jolic, N.; Bukljas, M. Overview of Intermodal Liner Passenger Connections within Croatian Seaports. In Maritime Transport and Shipping—Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; Weintrit, A., Neumann, T., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2013; pp. 217–222. ISBN 978-1-138-00105-3. [Google Scholar]
- Lekakou, M.B.; Vitsounis, T. Market concentration in coastal shipping and limitations to island’s accessibility. Res. Trans. Bus. Manag. 2011, 2, 74–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cullinane, K.; Wang, Y. A capacity-based measure of container port accessibility. Int. J. Logistic. Res. Appl. 2009, 12, 103–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Litman, T. Measuring transportation traffic, mobility and accessibility. Inst. Trans. Eng. 2003, 73, 28–32. [Google Scholar]
- Fortuna, M.A.; Dentinho, T.P.; Vieira, A.C. The Costs of Peripherality; Working Paper, Regional Policy Series; EC: Brussels, Belgium, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Gutierrez, J. Accesibilidad y transporte rural. Una perspective social. Rev. Minist. Tur. Transp. Comun. 1988, 24, 27–40. [Google Scholar]
- Luis, J.A.H. Temporal accessibility in archipelagos: Inter-island shipping in the Canary Islands. J. Trans. Geogr. 2002, 10, 231–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baradaran, S.; Ramjerdi, F. Performance of accessibility measures in Europe. J. Trans. Stat. 2001, 4, 31–48. [Google Scholar]
- Bruinsma, F.R.; Rietveld, P. The accessibility of European cities: Theoretical framework and comparison approaches. Environ. Plan. 1998, 30, 449–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Langen, P.W.; Sharypova, K. Intermodal connectivity as a port performance indicator. Res. Trans. Bus. Manag. 2013, 8, 97–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilmsmeier, G.; Sánchez, R.J. Shipping networks in international containerized trade—Market Evolution on the West Coast of South America. In Handbook of Container Shipping; Heideloff, I., Pawlik, T., Eds.; ISL: Bremen, Germany, 2008; Volume 2. [Google Scholar]
- Vickers, J. Abuse of market power. Econ. J. 2005, 115, 244–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Treaty on the Functioning of the EU. Article 170 on Trans European Networks. 2012. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT&from=EN (accessed on 22 January 2018).
- Currie, C.; Falconer, P. Maintaining sustainable island destinations in Scotland: The role of the transport—Tourism relationship. J. Destin. Mark. Manag. 2013, 3, 162–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peeters, P.; Szimba, E.; Duijnisveld, M. Major environmental impacts of European tourist transport. J. Trans. Geogr. 2007, 15, 83–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EC. European Transport Policy for 2010: Time to Decide; White Paper; EC: Brussels, Belgium, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Casaca, P.A.C.; Marlow, P.B. A review of the European Union shipping policy. Marit. Policy Manag. 2001, 28, 187–198. [Google Scholar]
- European Parliament. Decision No 884/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 amending decision no 1692/96/EC on community guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network. Off. J. Eur. Union 2004.
- Adriatic Sea Tourism Report. Risposte Turismo: Venice, Italy, 2017. Available online: http://www.adriaticseaforum.com/astr/ (accessed on 18 January 2018).
- Dickinson, J.E.; Dickinson, J.A. Local Transport and Social Representations: Challenging the Assumptions for Sustainable Tourism. J. Sustain. Tour. 2006, 14, 192–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Payet, M. Regional and Rural Transport: Thematic Research Summar. 2010. Available online: http://www.transport-research.info/sites/default/files/thematic-analysis/20100215_145550_20537_TRS_Regional-Rural.pdf (accessed on 18 January 2018).
- Bailoni, M.; Edelblutte, S.; Tchékémian, A. Agricultural landscape, heritage and identity in peri-urban areas in Western Europe. Eur. Countrys. 2012, 4, 147–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blancas, F.J.; Lozano-Oyola, M.; González, M.; Guerrero, F.M.; Caballero, R. How to use sustainability indicators for tourism planning: The case of rural tourism in Andalusia (Spain). Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 412, 28–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lane, B. Sustainable rural tourism strategies: A tool for development and conservation. J. Sustain. Tour. 2009, 2, 102–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gossling, S.; Hall, C.M.; Weaver, D.B. Sustainable Tourism Futures: Perspectives on Systems, Restructuring and Innovations; Routledge: Oxon, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Page, S.J.; Connell, J. Tourism: A Modern Synthesis; Cengage Learning EMEA: Hampshire, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Prideaux, B. The role of the transport system in destination development. Tour. Manag. 2000, 21, 53–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pallis, T.; Papachristou, A.; Arapi, K. MedCruise Ports Governance and Structures 2016; Pavic, K., Ed.; MedCruise: Piraeus, Greece, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Ryckbost, I.; Schauttet, L.; Vancompernolle, H. (Eds.) ESPO Code of Good Practices for Cruise and Ferry Ports; European Sea Ports Organization: Brussels, Belgium, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Klemenþiü, M. (Ed.) Atlas Europe; Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža: Zagreb, Croatia, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Pallis, T.; Arapi, K.; Papachristou, A. Cruise Activities in MedCruise Ports: Statistics 2015; Salvado, C., Ed.; MedCruise: Piraeus, Greece, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- UNECE. UN/LOCODE Code List by Country. Available online: http://www.unece.org/cefact/locode/service/location (accessed on 23 January 2018).
- Backer, H.; Frias, M.; Nicolas, F. (Eds.) HELCOM Overview 2014: Baltic Sea Sewage Port Reception Facilities, 2nd ed. (revised); HELCOM: Helsinki, Finland, 2015; Available online: http://www.helcom.fi/Lists/Publications/Baltic%20Sea%20Sewage%20Port%20Reception%20Facilities.%20HELCOM%20Overview%202014.pdf (accessed on 19 September 2017).
- Lupi, M.; Farina, A.; Orsi, D.; Pratelli, A. The capability of Motorways of the Sea of being competitive against road transport. The case of the Italian mainland and Sicily. J. Trans. Geogr. 2017, 58, 9–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Viana, M.; Hammingh, P.; Colette, A.; Querol, X.; Dagraeuwe, B.; Vlieger, I.; Aardenne, J. Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe. Atmos. Environ. 2014, 90, 96–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gissi, E.; Menegon, S.; Sarretta, A.; Appiotti, F.; Maragno, D.; Vianello, A.; Depellegrin, D.; Venier, C.; Barbanti, A. Addressing uncertainty in modelling cumulative impacts within maritime spatial planning in the Adriatic and Ionian region. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0180501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Flannery, W.; Ellis, G. Exploring the winners and losers of marine environmental governance. Plan. Theory Pract. 2016, 17, 122–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
T&A Criteria | Reference |
---|---|
Infrastructure | Stastna and Vaishar [14], Oberg et al. [21], TEN-T Guidelines [36], Corridor Study ScanMed [37] |
Distance to Urban Centers and Transport Nodes | Stastna and Vaishar [14], Oberg et al. [21] |
Public Transport | Stastna and Vaishar [14], Oberg et al. [21], EU Transport White Paper [35], TEN-T Guidelines [36], Work plan ScanMed [38] |
Multimodality | Stastna and Vaishar [14], Oberg et al. [21], EU Transport White Paper [35], TEN-T Guidelines [36], Corridor Study ScanMed [37] |
T&A Enablers for the SD | Selected Criteria for Analysis | Source of Information |
---|---|---|
Port infrastructure (see Table A1) | Ship accessibility: | 1. Pallis et al. [66] |
1. Maximum Allowable Ship Length | 2. Pallis et al. [69] | |
2. Maximum Allowable Ship Draught (i.e., the under water part of a ship) | 3. ESPO | |
3. Number of Berths | 4. Global Ports Holding | |
Hinterland accessibility (see Table A2) | 1. Distance to the nearest city center | 1. Pallis et al. [66] |
2. Distance to nearest intercity or international transport nodes (includes airports, bus terminals, and train stations) | 2. Pallis et al. [69] | |
3. ESPO | ||
4. Global Ports Holding | ||
5. Google Maps | ||
Mutimodality (see Table A3) | 1. Shuttle service | 1. Google Maps |
2. Taxi service | 2. Trip Advisor | |
3. Car rentals | ||
4. Car parking for private vehicles | ||
5. Public Transport (includes bus, tram, metro, train, and water bus) |
Port Infrastructure (“α”) | Max_Length | Max_Draught | Number of Berths | ||||||
Original data | 340 m | 9.1 m | 6 | ||||||
Normalized value | 0.435 | 0.313 | 0.185 | ||||||
Hinterland Accessibility (“β”) | City Center | Airport | Bus Terminal | Train Station | |||||
Original data | 0.5 km | 14 km | 0.3 km | 1 km | |||||
Normalized value | 0.002 | 0.091 | 0.024 | 0.030 | |||||
Multimodality (“γ”) | Bus | Tram | Metro | Train | Water Bus | Shuttle | Taxi | Car Rentals | Car Parking |
Original data | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Reference value | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sakib, N.; Appiotti, F.; Magni, F.; Maragno, D.; Innocenti, A.; Gissi, E.; Musco, F. Addressing the Passenger Transport and Accessibility Enablers for Sustainable Development. Sustainability 2018, 10, 903. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040903
Sakib N, Appiotti F, Magni F, Maragno D, Innocenti A, Gissi E, Musco F. Addressing the Passenger Transport and Accessibility Enablers for Sustainable Development. Sustainability. 2018; 10(4):903. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040903
Chicago/Turabian StyleSakib, Nazmus, Federica Appiotti, Filippo Magni, Denis Maragno, Alberto Innocenti, Elena Gissi, and Francesco Musco. 2018. "Addressing the Passenger Transport and Accessibility Enablers for Sustainable Development" Sustainability 10, no. 4: 903. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040903