Paradigm Found? Immanent Critique to Tackle Interdisciplinarity and Normativity in Science for Sustainable Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Whither Sustainability Science?
2. Scientificity of Sustainability Science—Interdisciplinarity and Normativity
2.1. Interdisciplinarity and Sustainability Science
2.2. Normativity and Sustainability Science
- How are normative concepts being brought into sustainability studies?
- What is the implication of the use of normative concepts for the scientific standing of the field?
- How can the tensions the use of normative concepts creates for sustainability studies be resolved?
2.2.1. Normative.1
2.2.2. Normative.2
2.3. Interdisciplinarity, Normativity and a Different School of Ethics
2.3.1 The Method of Immanent Critique
3. Constructing a Typology of Sustainable Development
3.1. From Environmentalism to Sustainable Development
3.2. From Brundtland to “Weak” Sustainability
3.3. From “Weak” to “Strong” Sustainability
3.4. “Critical Capital” Sustainability as Synthesis
3.5. From Capitals to Capabilities in Sustainable Development
3.6. Typology Summarized and Implications for Practitioners
4. Immanent Critique: Clarification and Elaboration
4.1. Objectivity and Necessity
[C]onceptual necessity should not be understood as an endorsement of the view that the dialectical movement of our concepts… is set in advance… We look back over the development from where we are. When we do so, we discover certain patterns (and so, a certain logic of necessity)…. Looking back, we can make rationally intelligible the progressions among the various stages [of theoretical development]. In this sense we can tell a story about the necessity of that development… Hegel’s commitment to conceptual necessity [can be explained] along the same lines.([67], pp. 12–13, footnote 16)
4.2. Other Forms of Critique, Other Forms of Research
4.3. Moving beyond Sen in Sustainable Development
5. Conclusions
5.1. Interdisciplinarity, Normativity, and Necessity
5.2. Paradigm Found? Pathways Forward for Sustainability Studies
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Our common vision. Nat. Sustain. 2018, 1, 1. [CrossRef]
- Bettencourt, L.M.; Kaur, J. Evolution and structure of sustainability science. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 19540–19545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mooney, H.A.; Duraiappah, A.; Larigauderie, A. Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 3665–3672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kates, R.W. What kind of a science is sustainability science? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 19449–19450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Clark, W.C.; Dickson, N.M. Sustainability science: The emerging research program. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 8059–8061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Miller, T.R.; Wiek, A.; Sarewitz, D.; Robinson, J.; Olsson, L.; Kriebel, D.; Loorbach, D. The future of sustainability science: A solutions-oriented research agenda. Sustain. Sci. 2014, 9, 239–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Isgren, E.; Jerneck, A.; O’Byrne, D. Pluralism in search of sustainability: Ethics, knowledge and methdology in sustainability science. Chall. Sustain. 2017, 5, 2–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kajikawa, Y. Research core and framework of sustainability science. Sustain. Sci. 2008, 3, 215–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jerneck, A.; Olsson, L.; Ness, B.; Anderberg, S.; Baier, M.; Clark, E.; Hickler, T.; Hornborg, A.; Kronsell, A.; Lövbrand, E. Structuring sustainability science. Sustain. Sci. 2011, 6, 69–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spangenberg, J.H. Sustainability science: A review, an analysis and some empirical lessons. Environ. Conserv. 2011, 38, 275–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, T.R. Constructing sustainability science: Emerging perspectives and research trajectories. Sustain. Sci. 2013, 8, 279–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rokaya, P.; Sheikholeslami, R.; Kurkute, S.; Nazarbakhsh, M.; Zhang, F.; Reed, M.G. Multiple factors that shaped sustainability science journal: A 10-year review. Sustain. Sci. 2017, 12, 855–868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lakatos, I. The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Volume 1: Philosophical Papers; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1978. [Google Scholar]
- Martens, P. Sustainability: Science or fiction? Sustain. Sci. Practice Policy 2006, 2, 36–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martens, P.; Roorda, N.; Cörvers, R. The need for new paradigms. Sustain. J. Rec. 2010, 3, 294–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clark, W.C. Sustainability science: A room of its own. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104, 1737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kates, R.W. From the Unity of Nature to Sustainability Science: Ideas and Practice; Center for International Development at Harvard University: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Stock, P.; Burton, R.J. Defining terms for integrated (multi-inter-trans-disciplinary) sustainability research. Sustainability 2011, 3, 1090–1113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Petts, J.; Owens, S.; Bulkeley, H. Crossing boundaries: Interdisciplinarity in the context of urban environments. Geoforum 2008, 39, 593–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eigenbrode, S.D.; O’rourke, M.; Wulfhorst, J.; Althoff, D.M.; Goldberg, C.S.; Merrill, K.; Morse, W.; Nielsen-Pincus, M.; Stephens, J.; Winowiecki, L. Employing philosophical dialogue in collaborative science. AIBS Bull. 2007, 57, 55–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Rourke, M.; Crowley, S.; Eigenbrode, S.D.; Wulfhorst, J. Enhancing Communication & Collaboration in Interdisciplinary Research; Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Read, E.K.; O’Rourke, M.; Hong, G.; Hanson, P.; Winslow, L.A.; Crowley, S.; Brewer, C.; Weathers, K. Building the team for team science. Ecosphere 2016, 7, e01291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Looney, C.; Donovan, S.; O’Rourke, M.R.; Crowley, S.; Eigenbrode, S.D.; Rotschy, L.; Bosque-Perez, N.A.; Wilfhorst, J.D. Seeing through the Eyes of Collaborators: Using Toolbox Workshops to Enhance Cross-Disciplinary Communication; In: Enhancing Communication and Collaboration in Interdisciplinary Research; O’Rourke, M., Crowley, S., Eigenbrode, S.D., Wulfhorst, J.D., Eds.; Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2013; pp. 220–243. [Google Scholar]
- Barry, A.; Born, G.; Weszkalnys, G. Logics of interdisciplinarity. Econ. Soc. 2008, 37, 20–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holland, D. Integrating Knowledge through Interdisciplinary Research: Problems of Theory and Practice; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Bhaskar, R.; Danermark, B.; Price, L. Interdisciplinarity and Wellbeing: A Critical Realist General Theory of Interdisciplinarity; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Frodeman, R. Sustainable Knowledge: A Theory of Interdisciplinarity; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Thorén, H. The Hammer and the Nail: Interdisciplinarity and Problem Solving in Sustainability Science; Lund University: Media Tryck, Lund Sweden, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Lang, D.J.; Wiek, A.; Bergmann, M.; Stauffacher, M.; Martens, P.; Moll, P.; Swilling, M.; Thomas, C.J. Transdisciplinary research in sustainability science: Practice, principles, and challenges. Sustain. Sci. 2012, 7, 25–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiek, A.; Lang, D.J. Transformational sustainability research methodology. In Sustainability Science; Heinrichs, H., Martens, P., Michelsen, G., Wiek, A., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2016; pp. 31–41. [Google Scholar]
- Hacking, I. Lakatos’s philosophy of science. In Scientific Revolutions; Hacking, I., Ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2004; pp. 128–143. [Google Scholar]
- Kates, R.W.; Clark, W.C.; Corell, R.; Hall, J.M.; Jaeger, C.C.; Lowe, I.; McCarthy, J.J.; Schellnhuber, H.J.; Bolin, B.; Dickson, N.M.; et al. Sustainability science. Science 2001, 292, 641–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wiek, A.; Ness, B.; Schweizer-Ries, P.; Brand, F.S.; Farioli, F. From complex systems analysis to transformational change: A comparative appraisal of sustainability science projects. Sustain. Sci. 2012, 7, 5–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiek, A.; Farioli, F.; Fukushi, K.; Yarime, M. Sustainability science: Bridging the gap between science and society. Sustain. Sci. 2012, 7, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lang, D.J.; Wiek, A.; von Wehrden, H. Bridging divides in sustainability science. Sustain. Sci. 2017, 12, 875–879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watts, D.J. Should social science be more solution-oriented? Nat. Hum. Behav. 2017, 1, 0015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, M.; Teisl, M.; Noblet, C.; Klein, S. The incompatibility of benefit–cost analysis with sustainability science. Sustain. Sci. 2015, 10, 33–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiek, A.; Withycombe, L.; Redman, C.L. Key competencies in sustainability: A reference framework for academic program development. Sustain. Sci. 2011, 6, 203–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abson, D.J.; Fischer, J.; Leventon, J.; Newig, J.; Schomerus, T.; Vilsmaier, U.; von Wehrden, H.; Abernethy, P.; Ives, C.D.; Jager, N.W. Leverage points for sustainability transformation. Ambio 2017, 46, 30–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dobson, A. Fairness and Futurity: Essays on Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Dobson, A. Citizenship and the Environment; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Gerth, H.H.; Wright Mills, C. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1946. [Google Scholar]
- Collins, R.; Makowsky, M. The Discovery of Society; McGraw-Hill, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1972. [Google Scholar]
- Archer, M.; Bhaskar, R.; Collier, A.; Lawson, T.; Norrie, A. Critical Realism: Essential Readings; Routledge: Oxforshire, UK, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Deleuze, G. Kant’s Critical Philosophy: The Doctrine of the Faculties; The Athlone Press: London, UK, 1984. [Google Scholar]
- Rose, G. Hegel Contra Sociology; The Athlone Press: London, UK, 1981. [Google Scholar]
- Kates, R.; Clark, W. Our Common Journey: A Transition toward Sustainability; National Academy Press: Washignton, DC, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Walsh, S.; Tian, H.; Whalley, J.; Agarwal, M. China and India’s participation in global climate negotiations. Int. Environ. Agreem. Politics Law Econ. 2011, 11, 261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glassman, R.M.; Antonio, R.J. A Weber-Marx Dialogue; University Press of Kansas: Lawrence, KS, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Mommsen, W.J. Max Weber and German Politics, 1890–1920; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1984. [Google Scholar]
- Anderson, P. A Zone of Engagement; Verso: New York, NY, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Shils, E.A.; Finch, H.A. Max weber on the methodology of the social sciences. Glencoe 1949, 111, 73rT. [Google Scholar]
- Myrdal, G.; Streeten, P.P. Value in Social Theory. A Selection of Essays on Methodology; Streeten, P., Ed.; Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, UK, 1958. [Google Scholar]
- Murphy, K. The social pillar of sustainable development: A literature review and framework for policy analysis. Sustain. Sci. Practice Policy 2012, 8, 15–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’neill, J.; Holland, A.; Light, A. Environmental Values; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Rawls, J. A Theory of Justice; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Cornell, S.; Berkhout, F.; Tuinstra, W.; Tàbara, J.D.; Jäger, J.; Chabay, I.; de Wit, B.; Langlais, R.; Mills, D.; Moll, P. Opening up knowledge systems for better responses to global environmental change. Environ. Sci. Policy 2013, 28, 60–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gramsci, A.; Hoare, Q.; Smith, G.N. Selections from the Prison Notebooks; International Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 1971. [Google Scholar]
- Laclau, E.; Mouffe, C. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics; Verso: London. UK, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Foucault, M. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences; Vintage Books: New York, NY, USA, 1970. [Google Scholar]
- Derrida, J. Writing and Difference; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1978. [Google Scholar]
- Bhaskar, R. The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Collier, A. Being and Worth; Psychology Press: London, UK, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Collier, A. Defence of Objectivity; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Bhaskar, R. Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- MacIntyre, A. A Short History of Ethics: A History of Moral Philosophy from the Homeric Age to the 20th Century; Touchstone: New York, NY, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Sedgwick, S. Hegel’s Critique of Kant; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Wood, A. Hegel and marxism. In The Cambridge Companion to Hegel; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Bhaskar, R. Contexts of Interdisciplinarity: Interdisciplinarity and Climate Change; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Beiser, F. Hegel; Routledge: New York, NY, USA; London, UK, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Isaksen, K.R. Without foundation or neutral standpoint: Using immanent critique to guide a literature review. J. Crit. Realis. 2018, 17, 97–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faran, T. Sustainable Development: A Typology of Perspectives. In Globalization Informed by Sustainable Development (GLOBIS); European Union Seventh Framework Programme: Theme 6—Rethinking Globalization in the Light of Sustainable Development; LUCSUS: Lund, Sweden, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Hegel, G.W.F. Phenomenology of Spirit (1807); Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1977. [Google Scholar]
- Hopwood, B.; Mellor, M.; O’Brien, G. Sustainable development: Mapping different approaches. Sustain. Dev. 2005, 13, 38–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quental, N.; Lourenço, J.M. References, authors, journals and scientific disciplines underlying the sustainable development literature: A citation analysis. Scientometrics 2012, 90, 361–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brundtland Commission. Our Common Future; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Toye, J. Dilemmas of Development; Bassil Blackwell: Oxford, UK, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Bauer, P.T.; Meier, G.M.; Seers, D. Pioneers in Development: Second Series; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1984. [Google Scholar]
- Balassa, B. The newly-industrializing developing countries after the oil crisis. Weltwirtsch. Arch. 1981, 117, 142–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krueger, A.O. Comparative advantage and development policy 20 years later. In Economic Structure and Performance; Syrguin, M., Taylor, L., Westphal, L.E., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1984; pp. 135–156. [Google Scholar]
- Lal, D. ]. In The Poverty of ” Development Economics”; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Bank, W. World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Steffen, W.; Broadgate, W.; Deutsch, L.; Gaffney, O.; Ludwig, C. The trajectory of the anthropocene: The great acceleration. Anthr. Rev. 2015, 2, 81–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stern, D.I. The capital theory approach to sustainability: A critical appraisal. J. Econ. Issues 1997, 31, 145–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solow, R.M. An Almost Practical Step towards Sustainability; Resources Policy: Invited Lecture on the Occasion of the Fortieth Anniversary of Resources for the Future; Resources and Conservation Center: Washington, DC, USA, 1993; pp. 162–172. [Google Scholar]
- Solow, R.M. Sustainability: An Economist’s Perspective; The eighteenth J. Seward Johnson lecture. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Woods Hole, MA, USA, 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Solow, R.M. The economics of resources or the resources of economics. In Classic Papers in Natural Resource Economics; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1974; pp. 257–276. [Google Scholar]
- Callinicos, A. Social Theory; Cambridge Polity Press: Cambridge, UK, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Dasgupta, P. Nature in economics. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2008, 39, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fisher, B.; Turner, K.; Zylstra, M.; Brouwer, R.; Groot, R.; Farber, S.; Ferraro, P.; Green, R.; Hadley, D.; Harlow, J. Ecosystem services and economic theory: Integration for policy-relevant research. Ecol. Appl. 2008, 18, 2050–2067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Groot, R.S.; Wilson, M.A.; Boumans, R.M. A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecol. Econ. 2002, 41, 393–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- De Groot, R.; Brander, L.; Van Der Ploeg, S.; Costanza, R.; Bernard, F.; Braat, L.; Christie, M.; Crossman, N.; Ghermandi, A.; Hein, L. Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units. Ecosyst. Serv. 2012, 1, 50–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Managi, S.; Kumar, P. Inclusive Wealth Report 2018: Measuring Progress towards Sustainability; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Daly, H. On wilfred beckerman’s critique of sustainable developemnt. Environ. Values 1995, 4, 49–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jowett, B.; Davis, H.W.C. Aristotle’s Politics. 1908. Available online: http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.1.one.html.
- Daly, H.E. Economics in a full world. Sci. Am. 2005, 293, 100–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Costanza, R.; Cumberland, J.H.; Daly, H.; Goodland, R.; Norgaard, R.B.; Kubiszewski, I.; Franco, C. An Introduction to Ecological Economics; CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Costanza, R.; d’Arge, R.; De Groot, R.; Farber, S.; Grasso, M.; Hannon, B.; Limburg, K.; Naeem, S.; O’neill, R.V.; Paruelo, J. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 1997, 387, 253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Redford, K.H.; Adams, W.M. Payment for ecosystem services and the challenge of saving nature. Conserv. Boil. 2009, 23, 785–787. [Google Scholar]
- Daily, G.C. Nature’s Services; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Leemans, R.; De Groot, R. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment; Island Press: Washington D.C., FL, USA:, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Daly, H.E. Sustainable growth: An impossibility theorem. In Valuing the Earth: Economics, Ecology, Ethics; Daly, H.E., Townsend, K.N., Eds.; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Daly, H.E. Towards some operational principles of sustainable development. Ecol. Econ. 1990, 2, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daly, H. A Steady-State Economy: A Failed Growth Economy and a Steady-State Economy Are Not the Same Thing; They Are the Very Different Alternatives We Face; Sustainable Development Commission: London, UK, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Daly, H.E. Steady-State Economics: With New Essays; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Paulson, S. Degrowth: Culture, power and change. J. Political Ecol. 2017, 24, 425–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dobson, A. The Politics of Post-Growth; Published by Green House: Dorset, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Arndt, H.W. The Rise and Fall of Economic Growth: A Study in Contemporary Thought; Longman Cheshire: London, UK, 1978. [Google Scholar]
- Lerch, A.; Nutzinger, H.G. Sustainability: Economic approaches and ethical implications. J. Econ. Soc. Policy 2002, 6, 2. [Google Scholar]
- Jahnke, M.; Nutzinger, H.G. Sustainability—A theoretical idea or a practical recipe? Poiesis Prax. 2003, 1, 275–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steffen, W.; Richardson, K.; Rockström, J.; Cornell, S.E.; Fetzer, I.; Bennett, E.M.; Biggs, R.; Carpenter, S.R.; De Vries, W.; De Wit, C.A. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science 2015, 347, 1259855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Raworth, K. A safe and just space for humanity: Can we live within the doughnut. Oxfam Policy Practice Clim. Chang. Resil. 2012, 8, 1–26. [Google Scholar]
- Ostrom, E. Governing the Commons; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Lautenschlager, R. From rhetoric to reality: Using specific environmental concerns to identify critical sustainability issues. Ecosystems 1998, 1, 176–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brand, F. Critical natural capital revisited: Ecological resilience and sustainable development. Ecol. Econ. 2009, 68, 605–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sen, A. Development as Freedom; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Anand, S.; Sen, A. Human Development Index: Methodology and Measurement; Human Development Report Office: New York, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Arrow, K.J. Social Choice and Individual Values; Martino Fine Books: Eastford, USA, 1951. [Google Scholar]
- Maskin, E.; Sen, A. The Arrow Impossibility Theorem; Columbia University Press: New York, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Sen, A. The Idea of Justice; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Sen, A. The possibility of social choice. Am. Econ. Rev. 1999, 349–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sen, A. Why we should preserve the spotted owl. In London Review of Books; 26 February 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Sen, A. The ends and means of sustainability. J. Hum. Dev. Capab. 2013, 14, 6–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anand, S.; Sen, A. Human development and economic sustainability. World Dev. 2000, 28, 2029–2049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guha, R.; Martinez-Alier, J. Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South; Earthscan: London, UK, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Alier, J.M. The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation; Edward Elgar Publishers: Cheltenham, UK, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Hartwig, M. (Ed.) Dictionary of Critical Realism; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Martinez-Alier, J.; Anguelovski, I.; Bond, P.; Del Bene, D.; Demaria, F. Between Activism and Science: Grassroots Concepts for Sustainability Coined by Environmental Justice Organizations. Journal of Political Ecology. 2014, 21, 19–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boda, C.S. The Beach Beneath the Road: Sustainable Coastal Development beyond Governance and Economics; Lund dissertations in sustainability science, No. 16. Media Tryck: Lund, Sweden, 2018. [Google Scholar]
Type | Decision Making Strategy | What Is to Be Sustained? | Ex. Operational Tools |
---|---|---|---|
Weak Sustainability | Economic Choice | Total stock of capital Ex. Indicator: GDP | Cost-benefit analysis |
Strong Sustainability | Political Choice | Total stock of natural capital Ex. Indicator: strategic habitat units | Ecological modeling |
Critical Capital Sustainability | Constrained Economic Choice | Critical natural capital and total non-critical capital stock Ex. Indicator: strategic habitat units and GDP | Ecological modeling and cost-benefit analysis |
Human Development | Social Choice | Human freedom Ex. Indicator: functionings and capabilities | Universal ethics |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Boda, C.S.; Faran, T. Paradigm Found? Immanent Critique to Tackle Interdisciplinarity and Normativity in Science for Sustainable Development. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3805. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103805
Boda CS, Faran T. Paradigm Found? Immanent Critique to Tackle Interdisciplinarity and Normativity in Science for Sustainable Development. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3805. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103805
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoda, Chad S., and Turaj Faran. 2018. "Paradigm Found? Immanent Critique to Tackle Interdisciplinarity and Normativity in Science for Sustainable Development" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3805. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103805