Citrus and Winery Wastes: Promising Dietary Supplements for Sustainable Ruminant Animal Nutrition, Health, Production, and Meat Quality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nutrient and Bioactive Profiles of Citrus and Winery By-Products
2.1. Nutrient Composition of Citrus Pulp and Grape Pomace
2.2. Bioactive Compounds in Citrus and Winery By-Products
2.2.1. Citrus Pulp
2.2.2. Grape Pomace
3. Influence of Feeding Citrus and Winery By-Products on Ruminant Animal Nutrition, Health, and Production
3.1. Influence on Dry Matter Intake
3.2. Influence on Rumen Digestibility
3.3. Influence on Rumen Fermentation Parameters
3.4. Effects on Methane Production
3.5. Effects on Nitrogen Emissions
3.6. Effects on Nutritional Disorders
3.6.1. Bloat
3.6.2. Ruminal Parakeratosis and Acidosis
3.7. Effects of Feeding Citrus and Winery By-Products on Animal Health and Welfare
3.7.1. Parasites
3.7.2. Effects on Oxidative Stress
3.7.3. Effects on Immune System
3.8. Effects on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits
4. Effects of Feeding Citrus and Winery By-Products on Meat Quality
4.1. Physico-Chemical Meat Quality
4.2. Effects on Fatty Acid Composition
4.3. Effects on Sensory Quality
5. Effects of Feeding Citrus and Winery By-Products on Retail Meat Shelf Stability
5.1. Myoglobin Oxidation
5.2. Lipid Oxidation
5.3. Protein Oxidation
5.4. Microbial Growth
6. Potential Utilization of Citrus and Winery By-Products in Low-To-Middle-Income Countries and Future Perspectives
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Pulina, G.; Francesconi, A.H.D.; Stefanon, B.; Sevi, A.; Calamari, L.; Lacetera, N.; Dell’Orto, V.; Pilla, F.; Marsan, P.A.; Mele, M.; et al. Sustainable ruminant production to help feed the planet. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2017, 16, 140–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thornton, P.K. Livestock production: Recent trends, future prospects. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 2010, 365, 2853–2867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wadhwa, M.; Bakshi, M.P.; Ps Makkar, H. Waste to worth: Fruit wastes and by-products as animal feed. CAB Int. 2015, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arowolo, M.A.; He, J. Use of probiotics and botanical extracts to improve ruminant production in the tropics. Anim. Nutr. 2018, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mlambo, V.; Mapiye, C. Towards household food and nutrition security in semi-arid areas: What role for condensed tannin-rich ruminant feedstuffs? Food Res. Int. 2015, 76, 953–961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, Y.; Yadav, D.N.; Ahmad, T.; Narsaiah, K. Recent Trends in the Use of Natural Antioxidants for Meat and Meat Products. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomovic, V.; Jakanovic, M.; Sojic, B.; Skaljac, S.; Ivic, M. Plants as natural antioxidants. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2017, 85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nordi, E.C.P.; Costa, R.L.D.; David, C.M.G.; Parren, G.A.E.; Freitas, A.C.B.; Lameirinha, L.P.; Katiki, L.M.; Bueno, M.S.; Quirino, C.R.; Gama, P.E.; et al. Supplementation of moist and dehydrated citrus pulp in the diets of sheep artificially and naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes on the parasitological parameters and performance. Vet. Parasitol. 2014, 205, 532–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- USDA Citrus: World Markets and Trade; USDA: Washington, DC, USA, 2018.
- Muhlack, R.A.; Potumarthi, R.; Jeffery, D.W. Sustainable wineries through waste valorisation: A review of grape marc utilisation for value-added products. Waste Manag. 2018, 72, 99–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Teixeira, A.; Baenas, N.; Dominguez-Perles, R.; Barros, A.; Rosa, E.; Moreno, D.A.; Garcia-Viguera, C. Natural bioactive compounds from winery by-products as health promoters: A review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 15638–15678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zou, Z.; Xi, W.; Hu, Y.; Nie, C.; Zhou, Z. Antioxidant activity of Citrus fruits. Food Chem. 2016, 196, 885–896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bampidis, V.A.; Robinson, P.H. Citrus by-products as ruminant feeds: A review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2006, 128, 175–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beres, C.; Costa, G.N.S.; Cabezudo, I.; da Silva-James, N.K.; Teles, A.S.C.; Cruz, A.P.G.; Mellinger-Silva, C.; Tonon, R.V.; Cabral, L.M.C.; Freitas, S.P. Towards integral utilization of grape pomace from winemaking process: A review. Waste Manag. 2017, 68, 581–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salah, N.; Sauvant, D.; Archimède, H. Nutritional requirements of sheep, goats and cattle in warm climates: A meta-analysis. Anim. Consort. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gobindram, M.N.N.E.; Bognanno, M.; Luciano, G.; Avondo, M.; Piccione, G.; Biondi, L. The effects of barley replacement by dehydrated citrus pulp on feed intake, performance, feeding behaviour and serum metabolic indicators in lambs. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2017, 57, 133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winkler, A.; Weber, F.; Ringseis, R.; Eder, K.; Dusel, G. Determination of polyphenol and crude nutrient content and nutrient digestibility of dried and ensiled white and red grape pomace cultivars. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 2015, 69, 187–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buchanan-Smith, J.W.S. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 8th ed.; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2016; ISBN 0309592410. [Google Scholar]
- Guerra-Rivas, C.; Gallardo, B.; Mantecón, Á.R.; del Álamo-Sanza, M.; Manso, T. Evaluation of grape pomace from red wine by-product as feed for sheep. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2017, 97, 1885–1893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharif, M.; Ashraf, M.S.; Mushtaq, N.; Nawaz, H.; Mustafa, M.I.; Ahmad, F.; Younas, M.; Javaid, A. Influence of varying levels of dried citrus pulp on nutrient intake, growth performance and economic efficiency in lambs. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 2017, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chikwanha, O.C.; Raffrenato, E.; Muchenje, V.; Musarurwa, H.T.; Mapiye, C. Varietal differences in nutrient, amino acid and mineral composition and in vitro rumen digestibility of grape (Vitis vinifera) pomace from the Cape Winelands vineyards in South Africa and impact of preservation techniques. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2018, 118, 30–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alnaimy, A. Using of citrus by-products in farm animals feeding. Open Access J. Sci. 2017, 1, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Assefa, A.D.; Saini, R.K.; Keum, Y.S. Fatty acids, tocopherols, phenolic and antioxidant properties of six citrus fruit species: A comparative study. J. Food Meas. Charact. 2017, 11, 1665–1675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghasemi, K.; Ghasemi, Y.; Mohammad, A.; Ebrahimzadeh, A. Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid content of 13 citrus species and tissues. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009, 22, 277–281. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Magwaza, L.S.; Mditshwa, A.; Tesfay, S.Z.; Opara, U.L. An overview of preharvest factors affecting vitamin C content of citrus fruit. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 2017, 216, 12–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Yang, Y.; Zho, Z. Phenolic and flavonoid contents of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruit tissues and their antioxidant capacity as evaluated by DPPH and ABTS methods. J. Integr. Agric. 2018, 17, 256–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chikwanha, O.C.; Raffrenato, E.; Opara, U.L.; Fawole, O.A.; Setati, M.E.; Muchenje, V.; Mapiye, C. Impact of dehydration on retention of bioactive profile and biological activities of different grape (Vitis vinifera L.) pomace varieties. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2018, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villarreal, M.; Cochran, R.C.; Rojas-Bourrillón, A.; Murillo, O.; Muñoz, H.; Poore, M. Effect of supplementation with pelleted citrus pulp on digestibility and intake in beef cattle fed a tropical grass-based diet (Cynodon nlemfuensis). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2006, 125, 163–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lanza, M.; Scerra, M.; Bognanno, M.; Buccioni, A.; Cilione, C.; Biondi, L.; Priolo, A.; Luciano, G. Fatty acid metabolism in lambs fed citrus pulp. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guerra-Rivas, C.; Vieira, C.; Rubio, B.; Martínez, B.; Gallardo, B.; Mantecón, A.R.; Lavín, P.; Manso, T. Effects of grape pomace in growing lamb diets compared with vitamin E and grape seed extract on meat shelf life. Meat Sci. 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jerónimo, E.; Alves, S.P.; Dentinho, M.T.P.; Martins, S.V.; Prates, J.A.M.; Vasta, V.; Santos-Silva, J.; Bessa, R.J.B. Effect of grape seed extract, cistus ladanifer L., and vegetable oil supplementation on fatty acid composition of abomasal digesta and intramuscular fat of lambs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 10710–10721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jerónimo, E.; Alfaia, C.M.M.; Alves, S.P.; Dentinho, M.T.P.; Prates, J.A.M.; Vasta, V.; Santos-Silva, J.; Bessa, R.J.B. Effect of dietary grape seed extract and Cistus ladanifer L. in combination with vegetable oil supplementation on lamb meat quality. Meat Sci. 2012, 92, 841–847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cribbs, J.T.; Bernhard, B.C.; Young, T.R.; Jennings, M.A.; Burdick Sanchez, N.C.; Carroll, J.A.; Callaway, T.R.; Schmidt, T.B.; Johnson, B.J.; Rathmann, R.J. Dehydrated citrus pulp alters feedlot performance of crossbred heifers during the receiving period and modulates serum metabolite concentrations before and after an endotoxin challenge. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, J.X.; Li, Q.; Zhang, R.X.; Liu, W.Z.; Ren, Y.S.; Zhang, C.X.; Zhang, J.X. Effect of dietary grape pomace on growth performance, meat quality and antioxidant activity in ram lambs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2018, 236, 76–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wadhwa, M.; Bakshi, M.P.S. Utilization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed and as Substrates for Generation of Other Value-Added Products; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Jayanegara, A.; Palupi, E. Condensed tannin effects on nitrogen digestion in ruminants: A Meta-analysis from in Vitro and in Vivo Studies. Media Peternak. 2010, 33, 176–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frutos, P.; Hervás, G.; Giráldez, F.J.; Mantecón, A.R. Review. Tannins and ruminant nutrition. Span. J. Agric. Res. 2004, 2, 191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Javed, M.Z.; Sharif, M.; Bhatti, S.A.; Bilal, M.Q.; Ahmed, F.; Ahmad, F.; Saif-Ur-Rehman, M.; Tariq, M. Nutrient intake, nitrogen balance and growth performance in buffalo calves fed citrus pulp as a concentrate source. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2016, 11, 2562–2568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bahrami, Y.; Foroozandeh, A.-D.; Zamani, F.; Modarresi, M.; Eghbal-Saeid, S.; Chekani-Azar, S. Effect of diet with varying levels of dried grape pomace on dry matter digestibility and growth performance of male lambs. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 2010, 6, 605–610. [Google Scholar]
- Macedo, C.A.B.D.; Mizubuti, I.Y.; Moreira, F.B.; Pereira, E.S.; Ribeiro, E.L.D.A.; Rocha, M.A.D.; Ramos, B.M.D.O.; Mori, R.M.; Pinto, A.P.; Alves, T.C.; et al. Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de bagaço de laranja em substituição à silagem de sorgo na ração. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 2007, 36, 1910–1916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gómez-Cortés, P.; Guerra, C.; Gallardo, B.; Lavín, P.; Mantecón, A.R.; de la Fuente, M.A.; Manso, T. Grape pomace in ewes diet: Effects on meat quality and the fatty acid profile of their suckling lambs. Food Res. Int. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mapiye, C.; Vahmani, P.; Aalhus, J.L.; Rolland, D.C.; Baron, V.S.; McAllister, T.A.; Block, H.C.; Uttaro, B.; Dugan, M.E.R. Fatty acid composition of beef steers as affected by diet and fat depot. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Correddu, F. Utilization of Grape seeds in Ruminant nutrition: Effects of This By-Product on Health Conditions, Milk Production and Quality, and Ruminal Metabolism in Sarda Dairy Sheep. 2013. Available online: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33723611.pdf (accessed on 14 October 2018).
- Francisco, A.; Alves, S.P.; Portugal, P.V.; Dentinho, M.T.; Jerónimo, E.; Sengo, S.; Almeida, J.; Bressan, M.C.; Pires, V.M.R.; Alfaia, C.M.; et al. Effects of dietary inclusion of citrus pulp and rockrose soft stems and leaves on lamb meat quality and fatty acid composition. Animal 2017, 12, 872–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abarghuei, M.J.; Rouzbehan, Y.; Alipour, D. The influence of the grape pomace on the ruminal parameters of sheep. Livest. Sci. 2010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sparkes, J.L.; Chaves, A.V.; Fung, Y.T.E.; Van Ekris, I.; Bush, R.D. Effects of replacing lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) hay with fresh citrus pulp on ruminai fermentation and ewe performance. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 23, 197–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bodas, R.; Prieto, N.; García-González, R.; Andrés, S.; Giráldez, F.J. Manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane production with plant secondary metabolites. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2012, 176, 78–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Patra, A.K.; Saxena, J. Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2011, 91, 24–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santos, G.T.; Lima, L.S.; Schogor, A.L.B.; Romero, J.V.; De Marchi, F.E.; Grande, P.A.; Santos, N.W.; Santos, F.S.; Kazama, R. Citrus pulp as a dietary source of antioxidants for lactating holstein cows fed highly polyunsaturated fatty acid diets. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peixoto, E.L.T.; Morenz, M.J.F.; Da Fonseca, C.E.M.; Dos Santos Moura, E.; De Lima, K.R.; Lopes, F.C.F.; Da Silva Cabral, L. Citrus pulp in lamb diets: Intake, digestibility, and ruminal parameters. Semin. Agrar. 2015, 36, 3421–3430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.C.; Adesogan, A.T.; Arthington, J.D. Optimizing nitrogen utilization in growing steers fed forage diets supplemented with dried citrus pulp. J. Anim. Sci 2007, 85, 2548–2555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baumgärtel, T.; Kluth, H.; Epperlein, K.; Rodehutscord, M. A note on digestibility and energy value for sheep of different grape pomace. Small Rumin. Res. 2007, 67, 302–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foiklang, S.; Wanapat, M.; Norrapoke, T. Effect of grape pomace powder, Mangosteen peel pwder and monensin on nutruent digestibility, rumen fermentation, nitrogen bakance and microbial protein synthesis in dairy steers.PDF. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci 2016, 29, 1416–1423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taniguchi, K.; Zhao, Y.; Uchikawa, H.; Obitsu, T. Digestion site and extent of carbohydrate fractions in steers offered by-product diets, as determined by detergent and enzymatic methods. Anim. Sci. 1999, 68, 173–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piquer, O.; Ródenas, L.; Casado, C.; Blas, E.; Pascual, J.J. Whole citrus fruits as an alternative to wheat grain or citrus pulp in sheep diet: Effect on the evolution of ruminal parameters. Small Rumin. Res. 2009, 83, 14–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pretty, J.; Ward, H.; Casanova-Pérez, L. Nutritive value of some agro-industrial by-products for ruminants—A review. Meat Sci. 2016, 97, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akbar, T.; Ali, M.S.; Golamreza, Z. The study of diversity of ciliate protozoa in Ghizel sheep fed in pasture and nourished by dried grape by-product Besharati Maghsoud and 1 Ansari Adel Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran Center of Excellence. J. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2009, 4, 37–41. [Google Scholar]
- Besharati, M.; Taghizadeh, A. Evaluation of dried grape by-product as a tanniniferous tropical feedstuff. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2009, 152, 198–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rochfort, S.; Parker, A.J.; Dunshea, F.R. Plant bioactives for ruminant health and productivity. Phytochemistry 2008, 69, 299–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moate, P.J.; Williams, S.R.O.; Torok, V.A.; Hannah, M.C.; Ribaux, B.E.; Tavendale, M.H.; Eckard, R.J.; Jacobs, J.L.; Auldist, M.J.; Wales, W.J. Grape marc reduces methane emissions when fed to dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2014, 97, 5073–5087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cobellis, G.; Trabalza-Marinucci, M.; Yu, Z. Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 545–546, 556–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Author, S.; Ohene-Adjei, S.; Chaves, A.V.; Mcallister, T.A.; Benchaar, C.; Teather, R.M.; Forster, R.J. Evidence of Increased Diversity of Methanogenic Archaea with Plant Extract. Ecology 2008, 56, 234–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salami, S.A.; Guinguina, A.; Agboola, J.O.; Omede, A.A.; Agbonlahor, E.M.; Tayyab, U. Review: In vivo and postmortem effects of feed antioxidants in livestock: A review of the implications on authorization of antioxidant feed additives. Animal 2016, 10, 1375–1390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Benavides, J.; Martínez-Valladares, M.; Tejido, M.L.; Giráldez, F.J.; Bodas, R.; Prieto, N.; Pérez, V.; Andrés, S. Livestock Science; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Morán, L.; Giráldez, F.J.; Bodas, R.; Benavides, J.; Prieto, N.; Andrés, S. Metabolic acidosis corrected by including antioxidants in diets of fattening lambs. Small Rumin. Res. 2013, 109, 133–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azaizeh, H.; Halahleh, F.; Abbas, N.; Markovics, A.; Muklada, H.; Ungar, E.D.; Landau, S.Y. Polyphenols from Pistacia lentiscus and Phillyrea latifolia impair the exsheathment of gastro-intestinal nematode larvae. Vet. Parasitol. 2013, 191, 44–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Macedo, I.T.; Bevilaqua, C.M.; de Oliveira, L.M.; Camurça-Vasconcelos, A.L.; Vieira, L.D.S.; Oliveira, F.R.; Queiroz-Junior, E.M.; Tomé, A.D.R.; Nascimento, N.R. Anthelmintic effect of Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil against goat gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet. Parasitol. 2010, 173, 93–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Squires, J.M.; Foster, J.G.; Lindsay, D.S.; Caudell, D.L.; Zajac, A.M. Efficacy of an orange oil emulsion as an anthelmintic against Haemonchus contortus in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and in sheep. Vet. Parasitol. 2010, 172, 95–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kerasioti, E.; Terzopoulou, Z.; Komini, O.; Kafantaris, I.; Makri, S.; Stagos, D.; Gerasopoulos, K.; Anisimov, N.Y.; Tsatsakis, A.M.; Kouretas, D. Tissue specific effects of feeds supplemented with grape pomace or olive oil mill wastewater on detoxification enzymes in sheep. Toxicol. Rep. 2017, 4, 364–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Havlin, J.M.; Robinson, P.H. Intake, milk production and heat stress of dairy cows fed a citrus extract during summer heat. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2015, 208, 23–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, R.-Z.; Dao-Wei, Z. Oxidative Stress and Role of natural plant derived antioxidants in animal reproduction. J. Integr. Agric. 2013, 12, 1826–1838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hussain, T.; Tan, B.; Yin, Y.; Blachier, F.; Tossou, M.C.B.; Rahu, N. Oxidative stress and inflammation: What polyphenols can do for us? Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016, 2016, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Provenza, F.D.; Villalba, J.J. The role of natural plant products in modulating the immune system: An adaptable approach for combating disease in grazing animals. Small Rumin. Res. 2010, 89, 131–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salem, A.Z.M.; López, S.; Robinson, P.H. Plant bioactive compounds in ruminant agriculture—Impacts and opportunities. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2012, 176, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jerónimo, E.; Pinheiro, C.; Lamy, E.; Dentinho, M.T.; Sales-Baptista, E.; Lopes, O.; Silva, F.C. Tannins in ruminant nutrition: Impact on animal performance and quality of edible products. Tann. Biochem. Food Sources Nutr. Prop. 2016, 121–168. [Google Scholar]
- Kafantaris, I.; Kotsampasi, B.; Christodoulou, V.; Makri, S.; Stagos, D.; Gerasopoulos, K.; Petrotos, K.; Goulas, P.; Kouretas, D. Effects of dietary grape pomace supplementation on performance, carcass traits and meat quality of lambs. In Vivo 2018, 812, 807–812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, Q.; Liu, X.; Zhao, G.; Hu, T.; Wang, Y. Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production. Anim. Nutr. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chikwanha, O.C.; Muchenje, V.; Nolte, J.E.; Dugan, M.E.R. Grape pomace (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinotage) supplementation in lamb diets: Effects on growth performance, carcass and meat quality. Meat Sci. 2019, 147, 6–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Macías-Cruz, U.; Perard, S.; Vicente, R.; Álvarez, F.D.; Torrentera-Olivera, N.G.; González-Ríos, H.; Soto-Navarro, S.A.; Rojo, R.; Meza-Herrera, C.A.; Avendaño-Reyes, L. Effects of free ferulic acid on productive performance, blood metabolites, and carcass characteristics of feedlot finishing ewe lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 2014, 92, 5762–5768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Moote, P.E.; Church, J.S.; Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S.; Van Hamme, J.D. Effect of Fermented Winery By-Product Supplemented Rations on the Temperament and Meat Quality of Angus-Hereford X Steers During Feeding in a British Columbia Feedlot. J. Food Res. 2014, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calderón-cortés, J.F.; González-vizcarra, V.M.; Pétriz-celaya, Y.; Pujol, L.C.; Barreras, A.; Plascencia, A. Energy value of unfermented dried grape pomace as substitute of alfalfa hay in diets for growing lambs. Aust. J. Vet. Sci. 2018, 50, 59–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Caparra, P.; Foti, F.; Scerra, M.; Sinatra, M.C.; Scerra, V. Solar-dried citrus pulp as an alternative energy source in lamb diets: Effects on growth and carcass and meat quality. Small Rumin. Res. 2007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morán, L.; Rodríguez-Calleja, J.M.; Bodas, R.; Prieto, N.; Giráldez, F.J.; Andrés, S. Carnosic acid dietary supplementation at 0.12% rates slows down meat discoloration in gluteus medius of fattening lambs. Meat Sci. 2012, 90, 789–795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Estévez, M. Protein carbonyls in meat systems: A review. Meat Sci. 2011, 89, 259–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luciano, G.; Monahan, F.J.; Vasta, V.; Biondi, L.; Lanza, M.; Priolo, A. Dietary tannins improve lamb meat colour stability. Meat Sci. 2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Resconi, V.C.; Pascual-Alonso, M.; Aguayo-Ulloa, L.; Miranda-de la Lama, G.C.; Alierta, S.; Campo, M.M.; Olleta, J.L.; Villarroel, M.; María, G.A. Effect of Dietary Grape Pomace and Seed on Ewe Milk and Meat Quality of Their Suckling Lambs. J. Food Qual. 2018, 2018, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- González-Ríos, H.; Dávila-Ramírez, J.L.; Peña-Ramos, E.A.; Valenzuela-Melendres, M.; Zamorano-García, L.; Islava-Lagarda, T.Y.; Valenzuela-Grijalva, N.V. Dietary supplementation of ferulic acid to steers under commercial feedlot feeding conditions improves meat quality and shelf life. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2016, 222, 111–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaves, A.V.; Dugan, M.E.R.; Stanford, K.; Gibson, L.L.; Bystrom, J.M.; McAllister, T.A.; Van Herk, F.; Benchaar, C. A dose-response of cinnamaldehyde supplementation on intake, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. Livest. Sci. 2011, 141, 213–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soladoye, O.P.; Juárez, M.L.; Aalhus, J.L.; Shand, P.; Estévez, M. Protein oxidation in processed meat: Mechanisms and potential implications on human health. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2015, 14, 106–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inserra, L.; Priolo, A.; Biondi, L.; Lanza, M.; Bognanno, M.; Gravador, R.; Luciano, G. Dietary citrus pulp reduces lipid oxidation in lamb meat. Meat Sci. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gravador, R.S.; Jongberg, S.; Andersen, M.L.; Luciano, G.; Priolo, A.; Lund, M.N. Dietary citrus pulp improves protein stability in lamb meat stored under aerobic conditions. Meat Sci. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gladine, C.; Rock, E.; Morand, C.; Bauchart, D.; Durand, D. Bioavailability and antioxidant capacity of plant extracts rich in polyphenols, given as a single acute dose, in sheep made highly susceptible to lipoperoxidation. Br. J. Nutr. 2007, 98, 691–701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- García-Lomillo, J.; González-SanJosé, M.L. Applications of wine pomace in the food industry: Approaches and functions. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2017, 16, 3–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aziz, M.; Karboune, S. Natural antimicrobial/antioxidant agents in meat and poultry products as well as fruits and vegetables: A review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2016, 8398, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, T.; Zang, X.; He, M.; Pan, S.; Xu, X. Structure–activity relationship of flavonoids on their Anti-Escherichia coli activity and inhibition of DNA Gyrase. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 8185–8190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scalbert, A. Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemistry 1991, 30, 3875–3883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, K.; Mahato, N.; Cho, M.H.; Lee, Y.R. Converting citrus wastes into value-added products: Economic and environmentally friendly approaches. Nutrition 2017, 34, 29–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Chemical Composition (g/kg) | Citrus Pulp a | Grape Pomace b | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean ± SD | Min | Max | Mean ± SD | |
Dry matter | 858 | 955 | 910 ± 5.0 | 351 | 955 | 918 ± 0.1 |
Organic matter | 934 | 955 | 928 ± 3.1 | 866 | 938 | 910 ± 0.3 |
Ash | 46.3 | 134 | 69.0 ± 1.40 | 33.0 | 134 | 60 ± 0.68 |
Crude protein | 64.9 | 105 | 70.0 ± 1.50 | 54.0 | 123 | 115 ± 0.5 |
Ether extract | 27.0 | 58.0 | 37.0 ± 2.00 | 52.0 | 71.0 | 68.0 ± 0.65 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 155 | 387 | 242 ± 10.6 | 376 | 630 | 322 ± 2.5 |
Neutral detergent solubles | 613 | 845 | 729 ± 10.2 | 373 | 744 | 678 ± 3.16 |
Acid detergent fiber | 100 | 307 | 222 ± 10.4 | 317 | 550 | 326 ± 2.9 |
Acid detergent lignin | 21.0 | 25.0 | 22.0 ± 4.90 | 161 | 446 | 197 ± 2.8 |
Hemicellulose | 55.0 | 287 | 183 ± 4.2 | 59.0 | 313 | 208 ± 2.1 |
Cellulose | 128 | 128 | 128 ± 3.1 | 540 | 540 | 540 ± 3.4 |
Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg) | 105 | 128 | 119 ± 2.4 | 58.0 | 130 | 88.6 ± 5.31 |
Mineral composition (g/kg) | ||||||
Calcium | 4.90 | 22.4 | 17.0 ± 2.30 | 2.29 | 6.10 | 3.0 ± 0.05 |
Phosphorus | 0.70 | 1.50 | 1.0 ± 0.20 | 0.60 | 3.10 | 2.6 ± 0.05 |
Potassium | 6.60 | 11.6 | 9.3 ± 1.30 | 15.0 | 24.1 | 20.4 ± 0.41 |
Magnesium | 1.00 | 2.10 | 1.3 ± 0.40 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.1 ± 0.03 |
Sulphur | 0.80 | 1.20 | 0.8 ± 0.20 | 1.02 | 1.35 | 1.2 ± 0.02 |
Sodium | 0.30 | 4.00 | 1.2 ± 1.30 | 0.10 | 0.90 | 0.7 ± 2.42 |
Zinc (mg/kg) | 6.00 | 57.0 | 14 ± 14.0 | 7.30 | 14.6 | 11.3 ± 0.34 |
Manganese (mg/kg) | 5.00 | 14.0 | 8.0 ± 3.00 | 14.2 | 21.0 | 16.8 ± 0.41 |
Iron (mg/kg) | 46.0 | 170 | 80 ± 32.0 | 115 | 147 | 126 ± 2.9 |
Copper (mg/kg) | 3.00 | 6.30 | 4.5 ± 1.00 | 7.30 | 13.4 | 9.8 ± 0.31 |
Fruit By-Product | Inclusion (g/kg) | Animal | DM a (g/kg) | OM b (g/kg) | CP c (g/kg) | NDF d (g/kg) | ADF e (g/kg) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Citrus pulp | 25 | Lambs | 800 | 655 | 483 | 580 | - | [40] |
50 | Lambs | 767 | 733 | 560 | 653 | - | [40] | |
75 | Lambs | 747 | 761 | 521 | 705 | - | [40] | |
Citrus pulp | 90 | Cows | 741 | - | 759 | 574 | - | [49] |
180 | Cows | 754 | - | 765 | 576 | - | [49] | |
Citrus pulp | 1.25 | Steers | 530 | 540 | 480 | - | [28] | |
2.5 | Steers | 600 | 620 | 510 | - | [28] | ||
Citrus pulp | 50 | Calves | 667 | - | 698 | 546 | 476 | [38] |
100 | Calves | 654 | - | 696 | 541 | 462 | [38] | |
150 | Calves | 653 | - | 691 | 531 | 459 | [38] | |
200 | Calves | 652 | - | 690 | 525 | 451 | [38] | |
Citrus pulp | 60 | Lambs | 651 | 662 | 717 | 544 | - | [50] |
143 | Lambs | 658 | 669 | 725 | 554 | - | [50] | |
218 | Lambs | 639 | 648 | 718 | 530 | - | [50] | |
265 | Lambs | 658 | 666 | 731 | 554 | - | [50] | |
Citrus pulp | 86.5 | Steers | 609 | - | - | 521 | 537 | [51] |
72.8 | Steers | 673 | - | - | 574 | 607 | [51] | |
72.5 | Steers | 670 | - | - | 560 | 600 | [51] | |
82.5 | Steers | 636 | - | - | 539 | 561 | [51] | |
Citrus pulp | 100 | Lambs | 695 | 716 | 714 | 501 | 472 | [20] |
200 | Lambs | 691 | 713 | 706 | 495 | 470 | [20] | |
Citrus pulp | 300 | Lambs | 681 | 705 | 703 | 488 | 465 | [20] |
400 | Lambs | 678 | 704 | 692 | 471 | 461 | [20] | |
Grape pomace | 762 | Lambs | 453 | 510 | 345 | 343 | [45] | |
300 | Wethers | 680 | 690 | 750 | 320 | 500 | [52] | |
Grape pomace | 100 | Steers | 62.5 | 66.5 | 72.5 | 62.2 | 53.3 | [53] |
Fruit By-Product | Inclusion (g/kg) | Animal | pH | VFA (mmol/L) | Acetic Acid a | Propionic Acid a | Butyric Acid a | NH3N (mg/dI) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Citrus pulp | 477 | Steers | 6.40 | 131.0 | 0.64 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 135 | [54] |
300 | Steers | 6.30 | 157 | 0.73 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 109 | [54] | |
Citrus pulp | 130 | Lambs | 6.53 | 75.4 | 0.64 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 5.69 | [55] |
260 | Lambs | 6.57 | 72.8 | 0.64 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 6.09 | [55] | |
390 | Ewes | 6.63 | 71.5 | 0.66 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 4.42 | [55] | |
Citrus pulp | 300 | Ewes | 5.90 | 154 | 0.65 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 40.0 | [46] |
100 | Steers | 6.37 | 154 | 0.59 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 124 | [51] | |
Grape pomace | 50 | Steers | 6.67 | 116 | 0.63 | 0.26 | 0.11 | 10.2 | [53] |
76.2 | Lambs | 6.03 | - | - | - | - | 15.9 | [45] | |
Grape pomace | 20 | Buffaloes | 6.71 | 57.1 | 0.66 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 11.4 | [56] |
40 | Buffaloes | 6.71 | 56.8 | 0.66 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 13.9 | [56] | |
60 | Buffaloes | 6.72 | 58.5 | 0.66 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 14.3 | [56] | |
Grape pomace | 150 | Lambs | 6.22 | 102 | - | - | - | 103 | [57] |
300 | Lambs | 6.14 | 97.2 | - | - | - | 77.5 | [57] | |
450 | Lambs | 5.84 | 72.2 | - | - | - | 63.6 | [57] |
Fruit By-Product | Inclusion (g/kg) | Animal | DMI (g/d) | ADG (g/d) | FCR | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Citrus pulp | 1.25 | Steers | 90.3 | - | - | [28] |
2.5 | Steers | 87.3 | - | - | [28] | |
Citrus pulp | 240 | Lambs | 790 | 178 | - | [29] |
350 | Lambs | 756 | 179 | - | [29] | |
Citrus pulp | 50 | Calves | 800 | 517 | 0.12 | [38] |
100 | Calves | 814 | 528 | 0.12 | [38] | |
150 | Calves | 829 | 533 | 0.11 | [38] | |
200 | Calves | 300 | 539 | 0.11 | [38] | |
Citrus pulp | 300 | Lambs | 858 | 188 | 4.59 | [83] |
450 | Lambs | 880 | 165 | 5.37 | [83] | |
Citrus pulp | 300 | Lambs | 928.9 | 197 | 4.70 | [46] |
Citrus pulp | 150 | Lambs | 1230 | 289 | 4.31 | [44] |
100 | Steers | 6130 | 1270 | 0.21 | [33] | |
200 | Steers | 5960 | 1000 | 0.19 | [33] | |
Citrus pulp | 100 | Lambs | 1350 | 67.5 | 0.05 | [20] |
200 | Lambs | 1370 | 76.3 | 0.06 | [20] | |
300 | Lambs | 1390 | 71.7 | 0.05 | [20] | |
400 | Lambs | 1410 | 75.8 | 0.05 | [20] | |
Grape pomace | 50 | Lambs | 1.19 | 208 | 6.09 | [39] |
100 | Lambs | 1.22 | 237 | 5.55 | [39] | |
150 | Lambs | 1.14 | 171 | 7.99 | [39] | |
Grape pomace | 200 | Lambs | 1.04 | 140 | 8.08 | [39] |
Grape pomace | 50 | Lambs | 2512 | 283 | - | [30] |
Grape pomace | 50 | Lambs | 2512 | 283 | - | [30] |
100 | Lambs | 2495 | 258 | - | [30] | |
Grape pomace | 50 | Rams | 1379 | 1789 | 8.10 | [34] |
100 | Rams | 1482 | 215 | 6.90 | [34] | |
Grape pomace | 100 | Lambs | 1142 | 120 | 0.10 | [81] |
200 | Lambs | 1120 | 104 | 0.09 | [81] | |
Grape pomace | 300 | Lambs | 1240 | 107 | 0.08 | [81] |
Fruit By-Product | Inclusion Level (g/kg) | SFA | VA | RA | (g/100 g) Fatty Acid | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MUFA | n-3 | n-6 | PUFA | Reference | |||||
Grape pomace | 100 | 40.45 | 37.5 | 2.17 | 13.7 | 16.4 | [76] | ||
Citrus pulp | 250 | 36.5 | 1.39 | 1.08 | 30.9 | 5.57 | 20.3 | 26.9 | [29] |
Citrus pulp | 350 | 35.9 | 1.56 | 1.02 | 32.5 | 5.48 | 20.4 | 26.9 | [29] |
Grape pomace | 100 | 47.8 | - | - | 39.4 | 2.34 | 10.4 | 12.8 | [86] |
Grape seed | 50 | 49.7 | - | - | 37.8 | 2.19 | 10.3 | 12.4 | [86] |
Grape seed | 25 | 43.3 | 3.42 | - | 32.4 | 5.26 | 9.90 | 20.1 | [32] |
Grape pomace | 50 | 67.8 | 4.76 | 0.78 | 17.1 | 1.01 | 5.09 | 8.94 | [43] |
Grape pomace | 100 | 64.8 | 8.18 | 0.47 | 22.3 | 1.08 | 3.64 | 8.64 | [43] |
Citrus pulp | 150 | 3.90 | 6.47 | 1.71 | 31.6 | 16.1 | 10.2 | 19.9 | [44] |
Grape pomace | 50 | 36.6 | 2.10 | 1.00 | 34.9 | 5.3 | 6.61 | 28.4 | [41] |
Grape pomace | 100 | 38.0 | 2.21 | 1.20 | 35.4 | 4.68 | 5.83 | 26.6 | [41] |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tayengwa, T.; Mapiye, C. Citrus and Winery Wastes: Promising Dietary Supplements for Sustainable Ruminant Animal Nutrition, Health, Production, and Meat Quality. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3718. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103718
Tayengwa T, Mapiye C. Citrus and Winery Wastes: Promising Dietary Supplements for Sustainable Ruminant Animal Nutrition, Health, Production, and Meat Quality. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3718. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103718
Chicago/Turabian StyleTayengwa, Tawanda, and Cletos Mapiye. 2018. "Citrus and Winery Wastes: Promising Dietary Supplements for Sustainable Ruminant Animal Nutrition, Health, Production, and Meat Quality" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3718. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103718