Online Voluntary Transparency in Spanish Retail Firms. Measurement Index and CSR-Related Factors as Determinants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Online Voluntary Transparency
2.2. CSR-Related Drivers of Online Voluntary Transparency
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Data Collection and Sample Description
2.3.2. Research Design: Measuring Model Variables
3. Results
3.1. Online Voluntary Transparency Index
3.2. Drivers of Online Voluntary Transparency of Retailers
4. Discussion, Conclusions and Practical Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Independent Variable | % |
SR Strategy | |
Marketing Strategy | |
-Place | 4 |
-Product | 10.8 |
-Promotion | 2.3 |
-Price | 3.4 |
Stakeholders | |
-Suppliers | 3.4 |
-Employees | 6.3 |
-Customers | 2.8 |
-NGOs | 4 |
-Public Administration | 0.6 |
-Society | 33.5 |
Activities | |
-Monetary | 1.1 |
-Non-monetary | 36.4 |
Control variables | |
Web quality | |
Search | 52.8 |
FAQs | 19.3 |
Map | 34.7 |
Newsletter | 22.2 |
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G47.1 | Retail Sale in Non-Specialized Stores | 54 (30.7%) |
G47.2 | Retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialized stores | 16 (9.1%) |
G47.3 | Retail sale of automotive fuel in specialized stores | 11 (6.2%) |
G47.4 | Retail sale of information and communication equipment in specialized stores | 7 (4%) |
G47.5 | Retail sale of other household equipment in specialized stores | 17 (9.6%) |
G47.6 | Retail sale of cultural and recreation goods in specialized stores | 15 (8.5%) |
G47.7 | Retail sale of other goods in specialized stores | 47 (26.7%) |
G47.8 | Retail sale via stalls and markets | 2 (1.1%) |
G47.9 | Retail trade not in stores, stalls or markets | 7 (4%) |
Descriptors | Sample (176 Companies) | |
---|---|---|
Age (Years) | Less than 10 years | 12.5% |
11–20 years | 27.4% | |
21–30 years | 34.6% | |
31–40 years | 17.0% | |
More than 40 years | 8.50% | |
Internationalization | Yes | 53.4% |
No | 46.6% |
Items | % | Items | % |
---|---|---|---|
Name of the organization | 81.3 | Main brands, products and services | 46.0 |
Origin of the organization | 74.4 | Internationalization | 21.0 |
Location-Postal Address | 78.4 | Markets served | 55.7 |
Areas of activity | 48.9 | Company news | 42.0 |
Number of employees | 14.2 | Mission and vision | 13.6 |
Net sales | 10.8 | Customer support | 11.9 |
Items | % | Items | % |
---|---|---|---|
President of the Board | 7.4 | Other Directors | 6.3 |
Members of the Board | 6.3 | Profile of Directors | 1.1 |
Profile of members of the Board | 2.3 | Corporate Governance Regulation | 2.3 |
CEO | 6.3 | Good Governance Code | 6.8 |
Items | % |
---|---|
Financial Statements | 6.3 |
Annual report | 8.5 |
Audit report | 4.5 |
Items | % |
---|---|
The retailer … | |
Discloses information about manufacturing processes, product content and the origin of raw materials on their brands | 2.3 |
Explicitly states the company’s commitment through its mission, vision and/or objectives | 9.7 |
Specifically elaborates a CSR or sustainability report | 8.0 |
Specifies on the website whether the company is implementing a training plan | 16.5 |
Has hygiene, food, or physical exercise programs | 5.1 |
Employs disabled workers | 5.1 |
Employs immigrant workers | 4 |
Promotes measures to help reconcile work, private, and family life | 9.7 |
Promotes fair trade. | 5.1 |
Uses an intranet to promote CSR among its employees. | 1.1 |
Has a flexible schedule or telecommuting. | 0.5 |
Provides day care for the employees | 0.6 |
Grants a period of leave or free time for volunteer actions, research, or strategic development of the company. | 0.6 |
Promotes responsible consumption practices | 2.8 |
Provides customers with information and advice about the product or service | 1.7 |
Uses a code of behavior to guide the relationship with suppliers | 5.7 |
Purchases products and/or services from special employment centers | 1.1 |
Has responsible business management systems | 6.8 |
Conducts the management of products and/or services under CSR parameters | 1.7 |
Items | % |
---|---|
The retailer … | |
Uses recycled materials for product packaging | 6.8 |
Implements collection and recycling systems for used, obsolete, and defective products | 8.5 |
Incorporates social and environmental requirements in contracting with suppliers | 5.7 |
Commits suppliers on waste and packaging reduction targets | 3.4 |
Has an environmental management policy | 15.3 |
Uses alternative energies | 4.0 |
Has the ISO 14001 implemented | 2.8 |
Carries out proper waste management | 11.9 |
Carries out actions for the conservation of the environment | 6.3 |
Sub-dimensions/Dimensions | Cronbach Alpha |
---|---|
Organizational Identity: | 0.72 |
Company Profile (CP) | 0.62 |
Corporate Governance (CG) | 0.82 |
Impact of Activities: | 0.89 |
Economic Performance (EP) | 0.87 |
Social Performance (SP) | 0.76 |
Environmental Performance (ENP) | 0.80 |
Online Voluntary Transparency Index (OVTI) | 0.88 |
Sub-dimensions/Dimensions | Disclosure Index |
---|---|
Organizational Identity: | 22.89 |
Company Profile (CP) | 41.52 |
Corporate Governance (CG) | 4.26 |
Impact of Activities: | 5.94 |
Economic Performance (EP) | 6.44 |
Social Performance (SP) | 4.61 |
Environmental Performance (ENP) | 7.20 |
Online Voluntary Transparency | 14.42 |
Independent Variable | Multicollinearity Tests | Model 1 Online Transp.: Organizational Identity | Model 2 Online Transp.: Impact of Activities | Model 3 Online Transp.: OVTI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tolerance | VIF | ||||
Beta Coefficient (p-value) | Beta Coefficient (p-value) | Beta Coefficient (p-value) | |||
SR Strategy | |||||
Marketing Strategy | |||||
-Place -Product | 0.577 0.642 | 1.732 1.558 | 0.244(0.002) *** −0.0190(0.794) | 0.451(0.000) *** −0.077(0.197) | 0.390(0.000) *** −0.055(0.358) |
-Promotion | 0.777 | 1.287 | 0.045(0.496) | 0.057(0.295) | 0.057(0.295) |
-Price | 0.904 | 1.106 | −0.010(0.867) | −0.043(0.395) | −0.030(0.547) |
Stakeholders | |||||
-Suppliers | 0.775 | 1.291 | 0.009(0.893) | −0.087(0.110) | −0.046(0.399) |
-Employees | 0.629 | 1.591 | 0.211(0.005) *** | 0.192(0.002) *** | 0.223(0.000) *** |
-Customers | 0.713 | 1.402 | 0.067(0.336) | 0.036(0.528) | 0.056(0.324) |
-NGOs | 0.606 | 1.650 | 0.140(0.063) * | 0.003(0.959) | 0.076(0.218) |
-Public Adm. | 0.897 | 1.115 | 0.059(0.342) | −0.001(0.990) | 0.031(0.545) |
-Society | 0.374 | 2.675 | 0.401(0.000) *** | 0.165(0.036) ** | 0.307(0.000) *** |
Activities | |||||
-Monetary | 0.800 | 1.249 | 0.115(0.079) * | 0.229(0.000) *** | 0.193(0.000) *** |
-Non-monetary | 0.350 | 2.860 | −0.028(0.776) | 0.009(0.909) | −0.009(0.907) |
Control variables | |||||
Web quality | |||||
Search | 0.758 | 1.319 | 0.056(0.402) | 0.133(0.017) ** | 0.107(0.053) * |
FAQs | 0.788 | 1.270 | −0.095(0.150) | 0.022(0.691) | −0.038(0.485) |
Map | 0.807 | 1.239 | 0.019(0.765) | −0.031(0.559) | −0.008(0.883) |
Newsletter | 0.821 | 1.218 | −0.114(0.079) * | −0.0444(0.405) | −0.086(0.106) |
Structural factors | |||||
-Size | 0.511 | 1.956 | 0.104(0.803) | 0.271(0.000) *** | 0.212(0.002) *** |
-Age | 0.829 | 1.207 | 0.114(0.203) | 0.069(0.192) | 0.100(0.059) * |
-Internationalization | 0.759 | 1.259 | 0.165(0.012) ** | 0.053(0.323) | 0.118(0.029) ** |
Adjusted R2 | 0.398 | 0.599 | 0.602 | ||
F (significance level) | 7.341(0.000) | 14.758(0.000) | 14.920(0.000) | ||
Durbin Watson test | 2.156 | 1.974 | 1.986 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Álvarez-González, L.I.; García-Rodríguez, N.; Sanzo-Pérez, M.J. Online Voluntary Transparency in Spanish Retail Firms. Measurement Index and CSR-Related Factors as Determinants. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103542
Álvarez-González LI, García-Rodríguez N, Sanzo-Pérez MJ. Online Voluntary Transparency in Spanish Retail Firms. Measurement Index and CSR-Related Factors as Determinants. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103542
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvarez-González, Luis Ignacio, Nuria García-Rodríguez, and María José Sanzo-Pérez. 2018. "Online Voluntary Transparency in Spanish Retail Firms. Measurement Index and CSR-Related Factors as Determinants" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3542. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103542