Maternal Disorders Associated with Morbidity and Mortality in a Metropolis of Kazakhstan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Patient Registration Processes in Kazakhstan
2.4. Patient Identification and Definitions
2.5. DALY Calculation
2.6. Ethics
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Public Health Relevance
4.2. Limitations of the Study
4.3. Recommendations for Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HDP | Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy |
GBD | Global Burden of Diseases |
DALY | Disability adjusted life years |
YLL | Years of life lost |
YLD | Years lived with disability |
DW | Disability weight |
ICD-10 | International Classification of Diseases-10 |
ICD-9 | International Classification of Diseases-9 |
MMR | Maternal mortality ratio |
WHO | World Health Organization |
SDG | Sustainable Development Goals |
BNSA | Bureau of National Statistics Agency |
RCEH | Republican Center for Electronic Health Care |
MIS | Medical information system |
References
- World Health Organization. Maternal Health [Internet]. 2024. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/maternal-health#tab=tab_1 (accessed on 14 July 2024).
- Geneva: World Health Organization. Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2020: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and UNDESA/Population Division. [Internet]. 2023. Available online: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/366225/9789240068759-eng.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed on 14 July 2024).
- United Nations. Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-Being for All at All Ages: Targets and Indicators [Internet]. 2024. Available online: https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal3#targets_and_indicators (accessed on 14 July 2024).
- Katsaga, A.; Kulzhanov, M.; Karanikolos, M.; Rechel, B. Kazakhstan Health System Review; Health Systems in Transition; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2012; Volume 14. [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of Health and Social Development of Republic of Kazakhstan. State Program for the Development of Health Care in Kazakhstan “DENSAULYK” for the Period 2016–2019 [Internet]. 2010. Available online: https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC190508/#:~:text=period%202016%2D2019.-,State%20Program%20for%20the%20Development%20of%20Health%20Care%20in%20Kazakhstan,economic%20development%20of%20the%20country (accessed on 4 March 2024).
- Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Quality and Affordable Healthcare for Every Citizen “Healthy Nation” [Internet]. 2021. Available online: https://extranet.who.int/nutrition/gina/en/node/96705 (accessed on 4 March 2024).
- World Health Organization. Maternal and Reproductive Health [Internet]. 2024. Available online: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/maternal-and-reproductive-health (accessed on 14 July 2024).
- Wang, Y.X.; Arvizu, M.; Rich-Edwards, J.W.; Wang, L.; Rosner, B.; Stuart, J.J.; Rexrode, K.M.; Chavarro, J.E. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Subsequent Risk of Premature Mortality. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2021, 77, 1302–1312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- ACOG Practice Bulletin. Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obstet. Gynecol. 2020, 135, e237–e260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Umesawa, M.; Kobashi, G. Epidemiology of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: Prevalence, risk factors, predictors and prognosis. Hypertens. Res. 2017, 40, 213–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferrari, A.J.; Santomauro, D.F.; Aali, A.; Abate, Y.H.; Abbafati, C.; Abbastabar, H.; Abd ElHafeez, S.; Abdelmasseh, M.; Abd-Elsalam, S.; Abdollahi, A.; et al. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2024, 403, 2133–2161. Available online: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673624007578 (accessed on 1 September 2024).
- Ford, N.D.; Cox, S.; Ko, J.Y.; Ouyang, L.; Romero, L.; Colarusso, T.; Ferre, C.D.; Kroelinger, C.D.; Hayes, D.K.; Barfield, W.D. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy and Mortality at Delivery Hospitalization-United States, 2017-2019. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 2022, 71, 585–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Say, L.; Chou, D.; Gemmill, A.; Tunçalp, Ö.; Moller, A.B.; Daniels, J.; Gülmezoglu, A.M.; Temmerman, M.; Alkema, L. Global causes of maternal death: A WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob. Health. 2014, 2, e323–e333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nurgaliyeva, G.T.; Semenova, Y.M.; Tanysheva, G.A.; Akylzhanova, Z.E.; Bologan, I.; Manabayeva, G.K. Epidemiology of pre-eclampsia in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Maternal and neonatal outcomes. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2020, 20, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aimukhametova, G.; Ukybasova, T.; Hamidullina, Z.; Zhubanysheva, K.; Yoshida, Y.; Kasuya, H.; Sakamoto, J. The impact of maternal obesity on mother and neonatal health: Study in a tertiary hospital of Astana, Kazakhstan. Nagoya J. Med. Sci. 2012, 74, 83–92. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Abdelazim, I.; Bekmukhambetov, Y.; Aringazina, R.; Shikanova, S.; Amer, O.; Zhurabekova, G.; Militello, M.; Pedata, R. The outcome of hypertensive disorders with pregnancy. J. Family Med. Prim. Care. 2020, 9, 1678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murray, C.J.L.; Ezzati, M.; Flaxman, A.D.; Lim, S.; Lozano, R.; Michaud, C.; Naghavi, M.; Salomon, J.A.; Shibuya, K.; Vos, T.; et al. GBD 2010: Design, definitions, and metrics. Lancet 2012, 380, 2063–2066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Protocol for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) [Internet]. 2020. Available online: https://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/Projects/GBD/March2020_GBD%20Protocol_v4.pdf (accessed on 5 March 2024).
- World Health Organization. THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE [Internet]. 2008. Available online: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43942/9789241563710_eng.pdf (accessed on 5 March 2024).
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) Years Lived with Disability, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, and Healthy Life Expectancy 1990-2021; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation: Seattle, WA, USA, 2024. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. WHO Methods and Data Sources for Global Burden of Disease Estimates 2000-2019 [Internet]. 2020. Available online: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/gho-documents/global-health-estimates/ghe2019_daly-methods.pdf?sfvrsn=31b25009_7 (accessed on 14 July 2024).
- Vos, T.; Lim, S.S.; Abbafati, C.; Abbas, K.M.; Abbasi, M.; Abbasifard, M.; Abbasi-Kangevari, M.; Abbastabar, H.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdelalim, A.; et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020, 396, 1204–1222. Available online: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673620309259 (accessed on 1 September 2024). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gholami, R.; Borumandnia, N.; Kalhori, E.; Taheri, M.; Khodakarami, N. The impact of covid-19 pandemic on pregnancy outcome. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023, 23, 811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kotlar, B.; Gerson, E.; Petrillo, S.; Langer, A.; Tiemeier, H. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal health: A scoping review. Reprod. Health 2021, 18, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhamantayev, O.; Kayupova, G.; Nukeshtayeva, K.; Yerdessov, N.; Bolatova, Z.; Turmukhambetova, A. COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on the Maternal Mortality in Kazakhstan and Comparison with the Countries in Central Asia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chmielewska, B.; Barratt, I.; Townsend, R.; Kalafat, E.; van der Meulen, J.; Gurol-Urganci, I.; O’Brien, P.; Morris, E.; Draycott, T.; Thangaratinam, S.; et al. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob. Health. 2021, 9, e759–e772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adu, P.A.; Stallwood, L.; Adebola, S.O.; Abah, T.; Okpani, A.I. The direct and indirect impact of COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child health services in Africa: A scoping review. Glob. Health Res. Policy 2022, 7, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berg, J.A.; Shaver, J.; Woods, N.F.; Kostas-Polston, E.A. Women’s sexual/reproductive health and access challenges amid COVID-19 pandemic. Nurs. Outlook. 2022, 70, 238–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Egwuatu, I.; Nmezi, S.; Jayaweera, R.; Motana, R.; Grosso, B.; Kristianingrum, I.A.; Zurbriggen, R.; Bercu, C.; Gerdts, C.; Moseson, H. Effectiveness of self-managed abortion during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a pooled analysis of two prospective, observational cohort studies in Nigeria. PLoS Glob. Public Health 2022, 2, e0001139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qaderi, K.; Khodavirdilou, R.; Kalhor, M.; Behbahani, B.M.; Keshavarz, M.; Bashtian, M.H.; Dabir, M.; Irani, M.; Manouchehri, E.; Farahani, M.F.; et al. Abortion services during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Reprod. Health 2023, 20, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, L.; Tang, K.; Magee, L.A.; von Dadelszen, P.; Ekeroma, A.; Li, X.; Zhang, E.; Bhutta, Z.A. A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2022, 18, 760–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adeniyi, A.O.; Arowoogun, J.O.; Chidi, R.; Okolo, C.A.; Babawarun, O. The impact of electronic health records on patient care and outcomes: A comprehensive review. World J. Adv. Res. Rev. 2024, 21, 1446–1455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dullabh, P.; Heaney-Huls, K.K.; Chiao, A.B.; Callaham, M.G.; Desai, P.; Gauthreaux, N.A.; Kashyap, N.; Lobach, D.F.; Boxwala, A. Implementation and evaluation of an electronic health record-integrated app for postpartum monitoring of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy using patient-contributed data collection. JAMIA Open 2023, 6, ooad098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shara, N.; Mirabal-Beltran, R.; Talmadge, B.; Falah, N.; Ahmad, M.; Dempers, R.; Crovatt, S.; Eisenberg, S.; Anderson, K. Use of Machine Learning for Early Detection of Maternal Cardiovascular Conditions: Retrospective Study Using Electronic Health Record Data. JMIR Cardio. 2024, 8, e53091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yeh, P.T.; Rhee, D.K.; Kennedy, C.E.; Zera, C.A.; Lucido, B.; Tunçalp, Ö.; de Leon, R.G.P.; Narasimhan, M. Self-monitoring of blood pressure among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022, 22, 454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tucker, K.L.; Hinton, L.; Green, M.; Chappell, L.C.; McManus, R.J. Using self-monitoring to detect and manage raised blood pressure and pre-eclampsia during pregnancy: The BUMP research programme and its impact. Hypertens. Res. 2024, 47, 714–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- NIHR Diagnostic Evidence Cooperative Oxford. Urinalysis Self-Testing in Pregnancy [Internet]. Available online: www.oxford.dec.nihr.ac.uk (accessed on 1 September 2024).
Maternal Disorders | ICD-10 Codes | Hospitalization |
---|---|---|
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | O10, O11, O12, O13, O16 | 1 a |
Severe pre-eclampsia | O14.1 | 1 a |
Eclampsia | O15 | 1 a |
Maternal hemorrhage | O20, O44, O45, O46, O67, O72 | 1 a |
Abortion | O00, O01, O02, O03, O04, O05, O06, O07, O08 | 1 a |
Obstructed labor | O64, O65, O66 | 1 a |
Maternal sepsis | O85, O75.3 | 1 a |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Turekulova, A.; Dzhardemaliyeva, N.; Mereke, A.; Kulimbet, M. Maternal Disorders Associated with Morbidity and Mortality in a Metropolis of Kazakhstan. Clin. Pract. 2025, 15, 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15060108
Turekulova A, Dzhardemaliyeva N, Mereke A, Kulimbet M. Maternal Disorders Associated with Morbidity and Mortality in a Metropolis of Kazakhstan. Clinics and Practice. 2025; 15(6):108. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15060108
Chicago/Turabian StyleTurekulova, Aigerim, Nurzhamal Dzhardemaliyeva, Alibek Mereke, and Mukhtar Kulimbet. 2025. "Maternal Disorders Associated with Morbidity and Mortality in a Metropolis of Kazakhstan" Clinics and Practice 15, no. 6: 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15060108
APA StyleTurekulova, A., Dzhardemaliyeva, N., Mereke, A., & Kulimbet, M. (2025). Maternal Disorders Associated with Morbidity and Mortality in a Metropolis of Kazakhstan. Clinics and Practice, 15(6), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15060108