Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects in Buccal Mucosal Cells in Non-Smokers and Users of Traditional Combustible Tobacco Products and Non-Combustible Alternatives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Cell Sampling
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Non-Smokers (n = 40) | Cigarette (n = 40) | E-Cigarette (n = 40) | Tobacco Heating Product (n = 40) | Total (n = 160) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 47.8 ± 12.8 | 43.1 ± 16.3 | 40.1 ± 14.5 | 35.4 ± 12.2 | 41.6 ± 14.6 | |
Gender | Male | 20 (50.0) | 12 (30.0) | 13 (32.5) | 16 (40.0) | 61 (38.2) |
Female | 20 (50.0) | 28 (70.0) | 27 (67.5) | 24 (60.0) | 99 (61.8) | |
Duration of product use (years) | 0 | 13.3 ± 13.9 | 5.1 ± 3.4 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 6.9 ± 9.4 |
Cytogenetic Parameters | Non-Smokers | Cigarette | E-Cigarette | Tobacco Heating Product | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of cells with micronuclei | Mdn (IQR) | 1.00 (0.00−2.00) A | 2.00 (1.00−2.50) | 2.00 (1.25−2.00) A | 1.50 (0.00−2.00) | 0.011 * |
M ± SD | 1.22 ± 1.00 | 1.95 ± 1.46 | 1.85 ± 0.58 | 1.40 ± 1.17 | ||
Number of cells with nuclear bud | Mdn (IQR) | 0.00 (0.00−1.00) B,C | 1.00 (0.00−1.00) | 1.00 (0.00−1.00) B | 1.00 (0.00−1.50) C | 0.012 * |
M ± SD | 0.43 ± 0.63 | 0.85 ± 0.80 | 0.90 ± 0.74 | 0.90 ± 0.81 | ||
Number of binucleated cells | Mdn (IQR) | 5.00 (3.00−5.75) D,E,F | 7.00 (2.25−9.00) D | 7.00 (5.00−9.00) E | 7.00 (5.00−5.00) F | ≤0.001 * |
M ± SD | 4.50 ± 2.44 | 6.37 ± 3.64 | 7.35 ± 2.45 | 7.30 ± 2.90 | ||
Number of cells with karyorrhexis | Mdn (IQR) | 6.00 (4.25−7.00) G,H,I | 8.50 (6.00−11.00) G | 10.00 (8.00−12.00) H | 8.00 (7.00−11.00) I | ≤0.001 * |
M ± SD | 6.25 ± 2.47 | 8.58 ± 3.17 | 9.98 ± 2.13 | 8.87 ± 3.24 | ||
Number of cells with karyolysis | Mdn (IQR) | 9.50 (4.25−9.50) J,K,L | 16.00 (10.00−18.00) J | 15.00 (11.00−18.00) K | 15.00 (13.00− 17.00) L | ≤0.001 * |
M ± SD | 8.73 ± 3.14 | 14.75 ± 5.56 | 14.85 ± 3.54 | 14.88 ± 3.86 | ||
Number of cells with condensed chromatin | Mdn (IQR) | 4.00 (2.00−8.75) M,N | 8.00 (4.25−9.00) O | 10.00 (8.00−11.00) M,O | 8.50 (6.25−10.75) N | ≤0.001 * |
M ± SD | 4.88 ± 3.73 | 7.12 ± 3.01 | 9.70 ± 1.63 | 8.80 ± 2.80 | ||
Number of cells with pyknosis | Mdn (IQR) | 4.00 (4.00−6.00) P,Q | 5.00 (4.25−9.00) R | 6.00 (4.25−8.00) P | 7.50 (4.50−9.00) Q,R | ≤0.001 * |
M ± SD | 4.35 ± 1.98 | 5.12 ± 1.80 | 6.24 ± 1.99 | 6.90 ± 2.47 |
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Tadin, A.; Stazic, V.; Galic, N.; Zeljezic, D. Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects in Buccal Mucosal Cells in Non-Smokers and Users of Traditional Combustible Tobacco Products and Non-Combustible Alternatives. J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14, 154-165. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010009
Tadin A, Stazic V, Galic N, Zeljezic D. Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects in Buccal Mucosal Cells in Non-Smokers and Users of Traditional Combustible Tobacco Products and Non-Combustible Alternatives. Journal of Xenobiotics. 2024; 14(1):154-165. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleTadin, Antonija, Vinka Stazic, Nada Galic, and Davor Zeljezic. 2024. "Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects in Buccal Mucosal Cells in Non-Smokers and Users of Traditional Combustible Tobacco Products and Non-Combustible Alternatives" Journal of Xenobiotics 14, no. 1: 154-165. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010009