Sense of Coherence and Perceived Academic Stress Among Nursing Students: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Population and Sample
2.3. Variables and Instruments
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Variables
3.2. Relation Between SOC and Sociodemographic Variables
3.3. Relation Between SOC and Perceived Academic Stress
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations and Strengths
4.2. Practical Application and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Public Involvement Statement
Guidelines and Standards Statement
Use of Artificial Intelligence
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PBL | Problem-based learning |
SOC | Sense of coherence |
UdG | University of Girona (Spain) |
UdL | University of Lleida (Spain) |
UFRO | University of La Frontera (Chile) |
URV | University of Rovira i Virgili (Spain) |
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Women | Men | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender n (%) | 1094 (84.1) | 207 (15.9) | |
Mean age (SD) * | 22.24 (4.43) | 23.05 (4.32) | 0.015 |
Grouped age n (%) ** | 0.001 | ||
≤20 years old | 421 (38.5) | 57 (27.5) | |
21–24 years old | 515 (47.1) | 101(48.8) | |
25–28 years old | 92 (8.4) | 31 (15.0) | |
≥29 years old | 66 (6.0) | 18 (8.7) | |
Cohabitation status n (%) ** | 0.885 | ||
Single | 961 (87.8) | 180 (87.0) | |
Married | 27 (2.5) | 4 (1.9) | |
Free union | 100 (9.1) | 22 (10.6) | |
Divorced | 6 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | |
Course n (%) ** | 0.783 | ||
First | 350 (32.0) | 59 (28.5) | |
Second | 329 (30.1) | 64 (30.9) | |
Third | 287 (26.2) | 59 (28.5) | |
Fourth | 128 (11.7) | 25 (12.1) | |
University access route n (%) ** | 0.008 | ||
University entrance exam | 834 (76.9) | 140 (68.3) | |
Another university degree | 38 (3.5) | 11 (5.4) | |
Vocational training | 180 (16.6) | 42 (20.5) | |
Access for those over 25 years old | 25 (2.3) | 12 (5.9) | |
Access for people over 45 years old | 8 (0.7) | 0 (0) | |
Work n (%) ** | 0.130 | ||
Yes | 338 (30.9) | 75 (36.2) | |
No | 756 (69.1) | 132 (63.8) | |
Dependents (n = 1094) n (%) ** | 0.179 | ||
Yes | 19 (1.7) | 1 (0.5) | |
No | 1075 (98.3) | 206 (99.5) |
UdL M (SD) | URV M (SD) | UdG M (SD) | UFRO M (SD) | p * | Spain M (SD) | Chile M (SD) | p ** | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOC-13 | 63.10 (12.72) | 62.55 (10.95) | 62.08 (12.50) | 63.54 (15.49) | 0.588 | 62.55 (11.94) | 63.54 (15.49) | 0.470 |
Manageability | 19.52 (4.78) | 19.25 (4.35) | 19.27 (4.61) | 19.40 (5.80) | 0.872 | 19.33 (4.55) | 19.40 (5.80) | 0.875 |
Comprehensibility | 21.84 (5.81) | 21.74 (5.05) | 21.38 (5.73) | 22:30 (6:80) | 0.395 | 21.65 (5.48) | 22:30 (6:80) | 0.283 |
Meaningfulness | 21.73 (3.95) | 21.56 (3.56) | 21.43 (4.07) | 21.84 (4.73) | 0.661 | 21.57 (3.83) | 21.84 (4.73) | 0.513 |
SOC 13 M (SD) | p | Manageability M (SD) | p | Comprehensibility M (SD) | p | Meaningfulness M (SD) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender * | ||||||||
Women | 62.49 (12.32) | 0.279 | 19.27 (4.71) | 0.286 | 21.51 (5.62) | 0.002 | 21.71 (3.88) | 0.014 |
Men | 63.51 (12.58) | 19.69 (4.61) | 22.84 (5.62) | 20.98 (4.18) | ||||
Grouped age ** | ||||||||
≤20 years | 60.55 (12.48) | ≤0.001 | 19.01 (4.70) | 0.001 | 20.62 (5.63) | ≤0.001 | 20.92 (4.13) | ≤0.001 |
21–24 years old | 62.91 (12.11) | 19.28 (4.74) | 21.87 (5.51) | 21.76 (3.78) | ||||
25–28 years old | 64.50 (12.24) | 19.69 (4.64) | 22.65 (5.58) | 22.16 (3.73) | ||||
≥29 years old | 70.02 (10.27) | 21.15 (3.98) | 25.46 (4.70) | 23.40 (3.24) | ||||
Cohabitation status ** | ||||||||
Single | 62.21 (12.44) | ≤0.001 | 19.26 (4.73) | 0.032 | 21.52 (5.63) | ≤0.001 | 21.43 (3.98) | ≤0.001 |
Married | 71.48 (10.17) | 21.65 (4.13) | 26.03 (4.85) | 23.81 (2.70) | ||||
Free union | 64.19 (11.30) | 19.43 (4.49) | 22.28 (5.46) | 22.48 (3.58) | ||||
Divorced | 69.29 (8.52) | 21.00 (3.05) | 24.86 (4.49) | 23.43 (2.15) | ||||
Course ** | ||||||||
First | 60.73 (12.40) | ≤0.001 | 18.88 (4.85) | ≤0.001 | 20.98 (5.62) | ≤0.001 | 20.87 (3.95) | ≤0.001 |
Second | 61.70 (11.67) | 19.22 (4.44) | 21.21 (5.38) | 21.27 (3.99) | ||||
Third | 63.75 (12.40) | 19.38 (4.73) | 22.13 (5.62) | 22.23 (3.82) | ||||
Room | 67.78 (12.37) | 20.78 (4.60) | 24.07 (5.72) | 22.93 (3.44) | ||||
University access route (n = 974) ** | ||||||||
University entrance exam | 61.80 (12.57) | ≤0.001 | 19.16 (4.80) | 0.053 | 21.28 (5.66) | ≤0.001 | 21.35 (4.01) | 0.002 |
Another university degree | 62.98 (11.47) | 19.08 (4.43) | 21.86 (5.43) | 22.04 (3.49) | ||||
Vocational training | 64.66 (11.30) | 19.72 (4.32) | 22.70 (5.24) | 22.24 (3.75) | ||||
Access for those over 25 years old | 69.86 (11.25) | 21.24 (4.45) | 25.43 (5.36) | 23.19 (3.07) | ||||
Access for people over 45 years old | 69.50 (4.41) | 20.25 (2.19) | 26.50 (3.25) | 22.75 (1.91) | ||||
Work * | ||||||||
Yes | 63.75 (12.60) | 0.029 | 19.60 (4.69) | 0.167 | 22.08 (5.87) | 0.117 | 22.07 (3.89) | 0.003 |
No | 62.14 (12.22) | 19.22 (4.70) | 21.55 (5.52) | 21.38 (3.94) | ||||
Dependents (n = 1094) * | ||||||||
Yes | 64.30 (11.06) | 0.549 | 19.65 (3.47) | 0.765 | 22.70 (6.42) | 0.433 | 21.95 (2.96) | 0.685 |
No | 62.63 (12.38) | 19.33 (4.71) | 21.70 (5.62) | 21.59 (3.95) |
Low Stress n (%) | High Stress n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Lectures | 1048 (80.7) | 251 (19.3) |
Seminar/case studies | 738 (57.1) | 555 (42.9) |
Simulation | 604 (47.1) | 679 (52,9) |
Group work | 610 (46.9) | 690 (53.1) |
Clinical practicums | 571 (45.8) | 675 (54.2) |
PBL | 457 (37.5) | 762 (62.5) |
Written assignments | 462 (35.6) | 837 (64.4) |
Oral presentations | 262 (20.2) | 1037 (79.8) |
Examinations | 86 (6.6) | 1212 (93.4) |
SOC 13 M (SD) | p | Manageability M (SD) | p | Comprehensibility M (SD) | p | Meaningfulness M (SD) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lectures (n = 1299) | ||||||||
Low stress | 63.20 (12.29) | 0.002 | 19.55 (4.68) | 0.002 | 21.92 (5.65) | 0.010 | 21.73 (3.88) | 0.014 |
High stress | 60.48 (12.43) | 18.51 (4.66) | 20.91 (5.52) | 21.06 (4.13) | ||||
Seminar (n = 1293) | ||||||||
Low stress | 64.22 (11.58) | ≤0.001 | 19.98 (4.45) | ≤0.001 | 22.31 (5.43) | ≤0.001 | 21.92 (3.68) | 0.001 |
High stress | 60.61 (13.08) | 18.50 (4.86) | 20.91 (5.83) | 21.19 (4.21) | ||||
PBL (n = 1219) | ||||||||
Low stress | 65.11 (11.84) | ≤0.001 | 20.26 (4.50) | ≤0.001 | 22.75 (5.48) | ≤0.001 | 22.09 (3.77) | 0.003 |
High stress | 61.57 (12.40) | 18.91 (4.67) | 21.26 (5.62) | 21.40 (4.02) | ||||
Group work (n = 1300) | ||||||||
Low stress | 64.18 (12.24) | ≤0.001 | 20.02 (4.59) | ≤0.001 | 22.33 (5.60) | ≤0.001 | 21.83 (3.82) | 0.045 |
High stress | 61.31 (12.33) | 18.74 (4.71) | 21.18 (5.62) | 21.39 (4.02) | ||||
Exam (n = 1299) | ||||||||
Low stress | 65.98 (13.10) | 0.010 | 20.60 (5.01) | 0.010 | 23.71 (5.78) | 0.001 | 21.66 (4.33) | 0.883 |
High stress | 62.43 (12.27) | 19.25 (4.66) | 21.58 (5.60) | 21.60 (3.90) | ||||
Written work (n = 1299) | ||||||||
Low stress | 64.70 (12.49) | ≤0.001 | 20.02 (4.66) | ≤0.001 | 22.57 (5.71) | ≤0.001 | 22.11 (3.92) | 0.001 |
High stress | 61.53 (12.16) | 18.97 (4.68) | 21.24 (5.55) | 21.32 (3.91) | ||||
Clinical practicums (n = 1246) | ||||||||
Low stress | 64.45 (11.83) | ≤0.001 | 19.94 (4.55) | ≤0.001 | 22.57 (5.49) | ≤0.001 | 21.95 (3.75) | 0.009 |
High stress | 61.37 (12.56) | 18.92 (4.74) | 21.09 (5.66) | 21.36 (4.08) | ||||
Simulation (n = 1283) | ||||||||
Low stress | 63.23 (12.05) | 0.158 | 19.61 (4.57) | 0.065 | 22.03 (5.54) | 0.080 | 21.58 (3.87) | 0.776 |
High stress | 62.26 (12.56) | 19.13 (4.78) | 21.48 (5.70) | 21.65 (3.96) | ||||
Oral presentation (n = 1299) | ||||||||
Low stress | 63.12 (12.92) | 0.498 | 19.45 (4.74) | 0.656 | 21.93 (6.00) | 0.513 | 21.73 (4.14) | 0.538 |
High stress | 62.54 (12.23) | 19.31 (4.69) | 21.66 (5.55) | 21.57 (3.88) |
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Ballester-Ferrando, D.; Cáceres-Malagelada, E.; Rascón-Hernán, C.; Botigué, T.; Lavedán, A.; Masot, O.; Burjalés, D.; González-Osorio, L.; Osorio-Spuler, X.; Serrat-Graboleda, E.; et al. Sense of Coherence and Perceived Academic Stress Among Nursing Students: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15, 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15080288
Ballester-Ferrando D, Cáceres-Malagelada E, Rascón-Hernán C, Botigué T, Lavedán A, Masot O, Burjalés D, González-Osorio L, Osorio-Spuler X, Serrat-Graboleda E, et al. Sense of Coherence and Perceived Academic Stress Among Nursing Students: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. Nursing Reports. 2025; 15(8):288. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15080288
Chicago/Turabian StyleBallester-Ferrando, David, Esther Cáceres-Malagelada, Carolina Rascón-Hernán, Teresa Botigué, Ana Lavedán, Olga Masot, Dolors Burjalés, Luis González-Osorio, Ximena Osorio-Spuler, Eva Serrat-Graboleda, and et al. 2025. "Sense of Coherence and Perceived Academic Stress Among Nursing Students: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study" Nursing Reports 15, no. 8: 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15080288
APA StyleBallester-Ferrando, D., Cáceres-Malagelada, E., Rascón-Hernán, C., Botigué, T., Lavedán, A., Masot, O., Burjalés, D., González-Osorio, L., Osorio-Spuler, X., Serrat-Graboleda, E., & Fuentes-Pumarola, C. (2025). Sense of Coherence and Perceived Academic Stress Among Nursing Students: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. Nursing Reports, 15(8), 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15080288