Reliability and Validation Study of the Spanish Translation of the Nociception Coma Scale-Revised—Adapted for Intubated Patients (NCS-R-I)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.1.1. Phase 1: Spanish Translation of the NCS-R-I and Pilot Test
2.1.2. Phase 2: Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the NCS-R-I
2.2. Patients and Setting
2.3. Sample
2.4. Independent and Outcome Variables
2.5. Procedure
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phase 1
3.2. Phase 2
3.2.1. Patient Characteristics
3.2.2. Reliability
3.2.3. Discriminant Validity and Sensitivity to Change
3.2.4. Convergent Validity
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Relevance to Clinical Practice
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Public Involvement Statement
Guidelines and Standards Statement
Use of Artificial Intelligence
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ICU | Intensive Care Unit |
NCS | Nociception Coma Scale |
NCS-R | Nociception Coma Scale-Revised |
NCS-R-I | Nociception Coma Scale-Revised-adapted for Intubated patients |
COSMIN | COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments |
RASS | Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale |
GCS | Glasgow Coma Scale |
AUC | Area Under Curve |
ROC | Receiver Operating Characteristic |
ICC | Intraclass Correlation Coefficient |
CI | Confidence Interval |
References
- Arias-Rivera, S.; López-López, C.; Frade-Mera, M.J.; Via-Clavero, G.; Rodríguez-Mondéjar, J.J.; Sánchez-Sánchez, M.M. Valoración de la analgesia, sedación, contenciones y delirio en los pacientes ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos españolas. Proyecto ASCyD. Enferm. Intensiv. 2020, 31, 3–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayasrah, S.M. Pain among non-verbal critically Ill mechanically ventilated patients: Prevalence, correlates and predictors. J. Crit. Care 2019, 49, 14–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puntillo, K.; Max, A.; Timsit, J.F.; Vignoud, L.; Chanques, G.; Robleda, G.; Roche-Campo, F.; Mancebo, J.; Divatia, J.V.; Soares, M.; et al. Determinants of procedural pain intensity in the intensive care unit. The Europain(R) study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2014, 189, 39–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olsen, B.F.; Valeberg, B.T.; Jacobsen, M.; Småstuen, M.C.; Puntillo, K.; Rustøen, T. Pain in intensive care unit patients—A longitudinal study. Nurs. Open 2021, 8, 224–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Damico, V.; Macchi, G.; Murano, L.; Forastieri Molinari, A. Incidence of pain at rest and during nursing procedures in ICU patients: A longitudinal observational study. Ann. Ig. 2020, 32, 407–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reade, M.C.; Finfer, S. Sedation and Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014, 370, 444–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koster-Brouwer, M.E.; Rijsdijk, M.; van Os, W.K.M.; Soliman, I.W.; Slooter, A.J.C.; de Lange, D.W.; van Dijk, D.; Bonten, M.J.M.; Cremer, O.L. Occurrence and Risk Factors of Chronic Pain After Critical Illness. Crit. Care Med. 2020, 48, 680–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Damico, V.; Murano, L.; Dal Molin, A. Chronic pain in in survivors of critical illness: Prevalence and associated psychological disorders. Prof. Inferm. 2022, 75, 106–114. [Google Scholar]
- Herridge, M.S.; Azoulay, É. Outcomes after Critical Illness. N. Engl. J. Med. 2023, 388, 913–924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devlin, J.W.; Skrobik, Y.; Gélinas, C.; Needham, D.M.; Slooter, A.J.C.; Pandharipande, P.P.; Watson, P.L.; Weinhouse, G.L.; Nunnally, M.E.; Rochwerg, B.; et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU. Crit. Care Med. 2018, 46, e825–e873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herr, K.; Anderson, A.R.; Arbour, C.; Coyne, P.J.; Ely, E.; Gélinas, C. Pain Assessment in the Patient Unable to Self- Report: Clinical Practice Recommendations in Support of the ASPMN 2024 Position Statement. Pain. Manag. Nurs. 2024, 25, 551–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- López-López, C.; Arranz-Esteban, A.; Sánchez-Sánchez, M.M.; Pérez-Pérez, T.; Arias-Rivera, S.; Solís-Muñoz, M.; Latorre-Marco, I. Pain Behaviors Analyzed by Videorecording in Brain-Injured Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Pain. Manag. Nurs. 2023, 24, 113–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gélinas, C.; Boitor, M.; Puntillo, K.; Arbour, C.; Topolovec-Vranic, J.; Cusimano, M.D.; Choinière, M.; Streiner, D.L. Behaviors Indicative of Pain in Brain-Injured Adult Patients With Different Levels of Consciousness in the Intensive Care Unit. J. Pain. Symptom Manag. 2019, 57, 761–773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roulin, M.J.; Ramelet, A.S. Generating and Selecting Pain Indicators for Brain-Injured Critical Care Patients. Pain. Manag. Nurs. 2015, 16, 221–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chowdhury, T.; Garg, R.; Sheshadri, V.; Venkatraghavan, L.; Bergese, S.D.; Cappellani, R.B.; Schaller, B. Perioperative Factors Contributing the Post-Craniotomy Pain: A Synthesis of Concepts. Front. Med 2017, 4, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schnakers, C.; Chatelle, C.; Vanhaudenhuyse, A.; Majerus, S.; Ledoux, D.; Boly, M.; Bruno, M.-A.; Boveroux, P.; Demertzi, A.; Moonen, G.; et al. The Nociception Coma Scale: A new tool to assess nociception in disorders of consciousness. Pain. 2010, 148, 215–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chatelle, C.; Majerus, S.; Whyte, J.; Laureys, S.; Schnakers, C. A sensitive scale to assess nociceptive pain in patients with disorders of consciousness. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2012, 83, 1233–1237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bernard, C.; Delmas, V.; Duflos, C.; Molinari, N.; Garnier, O.; Chalard, K.; Jaber, S.; Perrigault, P.-F.; Chanques, G. Assessing pain in critically ill brain-injured patients: A psychometric comparison of 3 pain scales and videopupillometry. Pain. 2019, 160, 2535–2543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puntillo, K.; Gélinas, C. Next steps in ICU pain research. Intensive Care Med. 2017, 43, 1386–1388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gelinas, C. Pain assessment in the critically ill adult: Recent evidence and new trends. Intensive Crit. Care Nurs. 2016, 34, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Via-Clavero, G.; Frade-Mera, M.J.; Alonso-Crespo, D.; Castanera-Duro, A.; Gil-Castillejos, D.; Vallés-Fructuoso, O.; Rodríguez-Mondéjar, J.J.; López-López, C.; Robleda, G.; Acevedo-Nuevo, M. Futuras líneas de investigación en cuidados sobre dolor, sedación, contenciones y delirium en el paciente crítico. Enfermería Intensiva. 2021, 32, 57–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- COSMIN—Improving the Selection of Outcome Measurement Instruments. Available online: https://www.cosmin.nl/ (accessed on 15 April 2023).
- Haynes, A.; Lenz, A.; Stalder, O.; Limacher, A. presize: An R-package for precision-based sample size calculation in clinical research. J. Open Source Softw. 2021, 6, 3118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le Gall, J.R.; Lemeshow, S.; Saulnier, F. A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA 1993, 270, 2957–2963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sessler, C.N.; Gosnell, M.S.; Grap, M.J.; Brophy, G.M.; O’Neal, P.V.; Keane, K.A.; Tesoro, E.P.; Elswick, R.K. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: Validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002, 166, 1338–1344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teasdale, G.; Jennett, B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974, 2, 81–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Latorre-Marco, I.; Acevedo-Nuevo, M.; Solís-Muñoz, M.; Hernández-Sánchez, L.; López-López, C.; Sánchez-Sánchez, M.M.; Wojtysiak-Wojcicka, M.; Pozas-Abril, J.d.L.; Robleda-Font, G.; Frade-Mera, M.; et al. Psychometric validation of the behavioral indicators of pain scale for the assessment of pain in mechanically ventilated and unable to self-report critical care patients. Med. Intensiva. 2016, 40, 463–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zumbo, B.D.; Gadermann, A.M.; Zeisser, C. Ordinal versions of coefficients alpha and theta for Likert rating scales. J. Mod. Appl. Stat. Methods. 2007, 6, 21–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows; Version 28.0; IBM Corp.: Armonk, NY, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Ferrando, P.J.; Lorenzo-Seva, U. Program FACTOR at 10: Origins, development and future directions. Psicothema 2017, 29, 236–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Landis, J.R.; Koch, G.G. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977, 33, 159–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fleiss, J.L.; Levin, B.; Paik, M.C. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, 3rd ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vink, P.; Eskes, A.M.; Lindeboom, R.; van den Munckhof, P.; Vermeulen, H. Nurses assessing pain with the nociception coma scale: Interrater reliability and validity. Pain. Manag. Nurs. 2014, 15, 881–887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riganello, F.; Cortese, M.D.; Arcuri, F.; Candelieri, A.; Guglielmino, F.; Dolce, G.; Sannita, W.; Schnakers, C. A study of the reliability of the Nociception Coma Scale. Clin. Rehabil. 2014, 29, 388–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Poulsen, I.; Brix, P.; Andersen, S.; Westergaard, L.; Guldager, R. Pain assessment scale for patients with disorders of consciousness: A preliminary validation study. J. Neurosci. Nurs. 2016, 48, 124–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Streiner, D.L. Statistical developments and applications being inconsistent about consistency: When coefficient alpha does and doesn’t matter streiner scales and indexes. J. Pers. Assess. 2003, 80, 217–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elosua Oliden, P.; Zumbo, B.D. Coeficientes de fiabilidad para escalas de respuesta categórica ordenada. Psicothema. 2008, 20, 896–901. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Shen, J.; Tang, S.; Yan, B.; Xie, D.; Fang, T.; Chen, L.; Li, G. Pain assessment during physiotherapy and noxious stimuli in patients with disorders of consciousness: A preliminary study. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 2022, 16, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonin, E.A.C.; Binda Fossati, M.L.; Filippini, M.M.; Bornheim, S.; Lejeune, N.; O’Brien, A.T.; Bodart, O.; Laureys, S.; Thibaut, A.; Chatelle, C. Evaluation of the effect of analgesic treatment on signs of nociception-related behaviors during physiotherapy in patients with disorders of consciousness: A pilot crossover randomized controlled trial. Pain 2022, 163, E349–E356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chatelle, C.; De Val, M.D.; Catano, A.; Chaskis, C.; Seeldrayers, P.; Laureys, S.; Biston, P.; Schnakers, C. Is the Nociception Coma Scale-Revised a Useful Clinical Tool for Managing Pain in Patients With Disorders of Consciousness? Clin. J. Pain. 2016, 32, 321–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
English version: Nociception Coma Scale-Revised-adapted for Intubated patients (NCS-R-I) | ||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
FACIAL EXPRESSION | None | Oral reflexive movement/startle response | Grimace | Crying |
MOTOR RESPONSE | None | Abnormal posturing | Flexion withdrawal | Localization to noxious stimulation |
COMPLIANCE WITH VENTILATON | Tolerating ventilation | Coughing but tolerating ventilation most of the time | Fighting ventilator but ventilation possible sometimes | Unable to control ventilation |
Spanish version: Nociception Coma Scale-Revised-adapted for Intubated patients(NCS-R-I) | ||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
RESPUESTAS DE EXPRESIÓN FACIAL | Ninguna | Movimiento reflejo oral/sobresalto | Muecas | Llanto |
RESPUESTA MOTORA | Ninguna/flacidez | Postura anormal | Retirada con flexión | Localización a la estimulación dolorosa |
ADAPTACIÓN A LA VENTILACIÓN | Tolera la ventilación | Tose pero tolera la ventilación la mayor parte del tiempo | Lucha con el ventilador pero a veces es posible la ventilación | Imposibilidad de controlar la ventilación |
Characteristics | Values |
---|---|
Age, years, median (IQR) | 60 (46–68) |
Sex (male), n (%) | 138 (66.7) |
Diagnosis, n (%) Cerebrovascular disease Traumatic brain injury Encephalopathy Other | 110 (53.2) 76 (36.7) 10 (4.8) 11 (5.3) |
Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, mean (SD) | 49.6 (15.7) |
Glasgow Coma Score, median (IQR) | 9 (7–9) |
Brain damage, n (%) Focal Diffuse | 176 (85) 31 (15) |
Neurosurgery, n (%) | 81 (39.1) |
Focal neurologic signs, n (%) | 106 (52) |
Days with mechanical ventilation, median (IQR) | 14 (7–24) |
Type of artificial airway, n (%) Endotracheal tube Tracheostomy cannula | 171 (82.6) 36 (17.4) |
Days between ICU admission and enrolment, median (IQR) | 7 (3–13) |
Days in ICU, median (IQR) | 21 (12–33) |
ICU mortality, n (%) | 23 (11.1) |
RASS, median (IQR) | −2 (−3–−2) |
Continuous intravenous infusion a, n (%) Fentanyl Morphine Remifentanil Propofol Midazolam Dexmedetomidine | 61 (29.5) 45 (21.7) 29 (14) 72 (34.7) 8 (3.8) 15 (7.2) |
Intravenous push infusion b, mean (SD) Fentanyl Paracetamol Metamizole Dexketoprofen | 19 (9.1) 76 (36.7) 37 (17.8) 13 (2.2) |
Preemptive analgesic intervention prior to the start of procedures, n (%) <1 h 1–8 h | 27 (13) 115 (55.5) |
Procedure | Ordinal Alpha | Interobserver Agreement (Kappa) | ICC | 95% CI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observer 1 | Observer 2 | Domain 1 | Domain 2 | Domain 3 | ||||
Tracheal suction | Before | 0.908 | 0.906 | 0.948 | 0.885 | 0.975 | 0.994 | [0.992; 0.996] |
During | 0.661 | 0.648 | 0.848 | 0.956 | 0.967 | 0.988 | [0.984; 0.991] | |
After | 0.762 | 0.755 | 0.912 | 0.967 | 0.956 | 0.988 | [0.985; 0.991] | |
Pressure-right nail bed | Before | 0.772 | 0.772 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.997 | [0.996; 0.998] |
During | 0.708 | 0.727 | 0.925 | 0.961 | 0.983 | 0.993 | [0.991; 0.995] | |
After | 0.833 | 0.833 | 0.939 | 1 | 0.972 | 0.991 | [0.988; 0.993] | |
Pressure-left nail bed | Before | 0.864 | 0.861 | 0.964 | 1 | 1 | 0.995 | [0.994; 0.996] |
During | 0.739 | 0.740 | 0.926 | 0.975 | 0.975 | 0.993 | [0.991; 0.995] | |
After | 0.767 | 0.810 | 1 | 0.855 | 0.958 | 0.987 | [0.983; 0.990] | |
Non-painful | Before | 0.837 | 0.862 | 1 | 1 | 0.964 | 0.998 | [0.997; 0.998] |
During | 0.807 | 0.799 | 0.962 | 0.948 | 0.961 | 0.996 | [0.995; 0.997] | |
After | 0.879 | 0.874 | 1 | 0.855 | 0.939 | 0.985 | [0.980; 0.989] |
Observer 1 | Observer 1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | |||
Tracheal suction | Before | Domain 1 | 0.18 (0.603) | 0 (0–0) | 0.19 (0.616) | 0 (0–0) |
Domain 2 | 0.06 (0.290) | 0 (0–0) | 0.06 (0.290) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Domain 3 | 0.18 (0.550) | 0 (0–0) | 0.18 (0.553) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Total | 0.42 (1.196) | 0 (0–0) | 0.43 (1.213) | 0 (0–0) | ||
During | Domain 1 | 1.76 (1.140) | 2 (1–3) | 1.77 (1.124) | 2 (1–3) | |
Domain 2 | 1.39 (0.792) | 1 (1–2) | 1.41 (0.813) | 1 (1–2) | ||
Domain 3 | 1.73 (0.719) | 2 (2–2) | 1.75 (0.727) | 2 (2–2) | ||
Total | 4.88 (1.982) | 5 (3–6) | 4.93 (1.974) | 5 (4–6) | ||
After | Domain 1 | 0.19 (0.538) | 0 (0–0) | 0.18 (0.553) | 0 (0–0) | |
Domain 2 | 0.09 (0.299) | 0 (0–0) | 0.08 (0.292) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Domain 3 | 0.23 (0.617) | 0 (0–0) | 0.21 (0.594) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Total | 0.50(1.070) | 0 (0–0) | 0.48 (1.065) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Pressure: right nail bed | Before | Domain 1 | 0.08 (0.353) | 0 (0–0) | 0.8 (0.353) | 0 (0–0) |
Domain 2 | 0.01 (0.120) | 0 (0–0) | 0.01 (0.120) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Domain 3 | 0.10 (0.423) | 0 (0–0) | 0.10 (0.423) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Total | 0.20(0.637) | 0 (0–0) | 0.21 (0.639) | 0 (0–0) | ||
During | Domain 1 | 1.29 (1.120) | 1 (0–2) | 1.30 (1.127) | 2 (0–2) | |
Domain 2 | 0.31 (0.616) | 0 (0–0) | 0.30 (0.613) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Domain 3 | 1.10 (0.968) | 2 (0–2) | 1.10 (0.973) | 2 (0–2) | ||
Total | 2.70 (2.036) | 3 (1–4) | 2.70 (2.069) | 3 (1–4) | ||
After | Domain 1 | 0.11 (0.397) | 0 (0–0) | 0.13 (0.445) | 0 (0–0) | |
Domain 2 | 0.03 (0.195) | 0 (0–0) | 0.03 (0.195) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Domain 3 | 0.17 (0.536) | 0 (0–0) | 0.16 (0.533) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Total | 0.31 (0.860) | 0 (0–0) | 0.32 (0.900) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Pressure: left nail bed | Before | Domain 1 | 0.12 (0.483) | 0 (0–0) | 0.13 (0.486) | 0 (0–0) |
Domain 2 | 0 (0.70) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0.70) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Domain 3 | 0.09 (0.402) | 0 (0–0) | 0.9 (0.402) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Total | 0.22 (0.703) | 0 (0–0) | 0.23 (0.707) | 0 (0–0) | ||
During | Domain 1 | 1.29 (1.155) | 1 (0–2) | 1.29 (1.155) | 1 (0–2) | |
Domain 2 | 0.35 (0.687) | 0 (0–0) | 0.35 (0.687) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Domain 3 | 1.14 (0.954) | 2 (0–2) | 1.14 (0.949) | 2 (0–2) | ||
Total | 2.79 (2.146) | 3 (1–5) | 2.79 (2.148) | 3 (1–5) | ||
After | Domain 1 | 0.09 (0.377) | 0 (0–0) | 0.09 (0.377) | 0 (0–0) | |
Domain 2 | 0.02 (0.138) | 0 (0–0) | 0.01 (0.120) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Domain 3 | 0.10 (0.411) | 0 (0–0) | 0.09 (0.390) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Total | 0.21 (0.685) | 0 (0–0) | 0.20 (0.671) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Non-painful | Before | Domain 1 | 0.08 (0.374) | 0 (0–0) | 0.08 (0.374) | 0 (0–0) |
Domain 2 | 0.03 (0.229) | 0 (0–0) | 0.03 (0.229) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Domain 3 | 0.11 (0.416) | 0 (0–0) | 0.11 (0.421) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Total | 0.22 (0.718) | 0 (0–0) | 0.023 (0.783) | 0 (0–0) | ||
During | Domain 1 | 0.25 (0.672) | 0 (0–0) | 0.26 (0.696) | 0 (0–0) | |
Domain 2 | 0.06 (0.297) | 0 (0–0) | 0.07 (0.320) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Domain 3 | 0.23 (0.603) | 0 (0–0) | 0.22 (0.582) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Total | 0.55 (1.213) | 0 (0–0) | 0.55 (1.213) | 0 (0–0) | ||
After | Domain 1 | 0.10 (0.441) | 0 (0–0) | 0.10 (0.441) | 0 (0–0) | |
Domain 2 | 0.01 (0.120) | 0 (0–0) | 0.02 (0.138) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Domain 3 | 0.06 (0.328) | 0 (0–0) | 0.07 (0.335) | 0 (0–0) | ||
Total | 0.17 (0.630) | 0 (0–0) | 0.19 (0.645) | 0 (0–0) |
NCS-R-I Score, Median (IQR) | p Value a | ||
---|---|---|---|
Tracheal suction | Before vs. During | 0 (0) vs. 5 (2.5) | <0.001 |
During vs. After | 5 (2.5) vs. 0 (0) | <0.001 | |
Before vs. After | 0 (0) vs. 0 (0) | 0.233 | |
Pressure: right nail bed | Before vs. During | 0 (0) vs. 3 (3) | <0.001 |
During vs. After | 3 (3) vs. 0 (0) | <0.001 | |
Before vs. After | 0 (0) vs. 0 (0) | 0.023 | |
Pressure: left nail bed | Before vs. During | 0 (0) vs. 3 (4) | <0.001 |
During vs. After | 3 (4) vs. 0 (0) | <0.001 | |
Before vs. After | 0 (0) vs. 0 (0) | 0.707 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
López-López, C.; Robleda-Font, G.; Sánchez-Sánchez, M.d.M.; Sarabia-Cobo, C.M.; Latorre-Marco, I.; Solís-Muñoz, M.; Pérez-Pérez, T.; Martín-Arriscado Arroba, C.; Schnakers, C.; Roldan-Merino, J. Reliability and Validation Study of the Spanish Translation of the Nociception Coma Scale-Revised—Adapted for Intubated Patients (NCS-R-I). Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15, 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15080278
López-López C, Robleda-Font G, Sánchez-Sánchez MdM, Sarabia-Cobo CM, Latorre-Marco I, Solís-Muñoz M, Pérez-Pérez T, Martín-Arriscado Arroba C, Schnakers C, Roldan-Merino J. Reliability and Validation Study of the Spanish Translation of the Nociception Coma Scale-Revised—Adapted for Intubated Patients (NCS-R-I). Nursing Reports. 2025; 15(8):278. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15080278
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-López, Candelas, Gemma Robleda-Font, María del Mar Sánchez-Sánchez, Carmen María Sarabia-Cobo, Ignacio Latorre-Marco, Montserrat Solís-Muñoz, Teresa Pérez-Pérez, Cristina Martín-Arriscado Arroba, Caroline Schnakers, and Juan Roldan-Merino. 2025. "Reliability and Validation Study of the Spanish Translation of the Nociception Coma Scale-Revised—Adapted for Intubated Patients (NCS-R-I)" Nursing Reports 15, no. 8: 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15080278
APA StyleLópez-López, C., Robleda-Font, G., Sánchez-Sánchez, M. d. M., Sarabia-Cobo, C. M., Latorre-Marco, I., Solís-Muñoz, M., Pérez-Pérez, T., Martín-Arriscado Arroba, C., Schnakers, C., & Roldan-Merino, J. (2025). Reliability and Validation Study of the Spanish Translation of the Nociception Coma Scale-Revised—Adapted for Intubated Patients (NCS-R-I). Nursing Reports, 15(8), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15080278