Motivations and Attitudes Toward Further Education: A Cross-Sectional, Descriptive Predictive Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Data Collection Tool
2.4. Ethical Considerations
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Data of Nurses
3.2. Differences Between Study Groups in Work Motivations and Attitudes Toward Future Education
3.3. Association Between Work Motivations and Intent to Enroll in Nursing Studies
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Public Involvement Statement
Guidelines and Standards Statement
Use of Artificial Intelligence
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Not Intend to Enroll in Studies (n = 250) | Intend to Enroll in Studies (n = 276) | Test Statistic | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, (N, %) | ||||
Female | 234 (93.6) | 249 (90.2) | 2.00 ‡ | 0.157 * |
Male | 16 (6.4) | 27 (9.8) | ||
Age (years), Mdn (IQR) | 38.0 (13) | 35.0 (14) | −7.77 § | <0.001 |
Environment, (N, %) | ||||
Urban | 200 (80.0) | 223 (80.8) | 0.05 ‡ | 0.818 * |
Rural | 50 (20.0) | 53 (19.2) | ||
Family environment, (N, %) | ||||
Live alone | 11 (4.4) | 22 (8.0) | 2.85 ‡ | 0.092 * |
Live with family, partner, roommate | 239 (95.6) | 254 (92.0) | ||
Have children, (N, %) | ||||
Yes | 185 (74.0) | 150 (54.3) | 21.91 ‡ | <0.001 * |
No | 65 (26.0) | 126 (45.7) | ||
Education level, (N, %) | ||||
High school | 98 (39.2) | 113 (40.9) | 9.75 ‡ | 0.021 * |
Bachelor | 88 (35.2) | 121 (43.8) | ||
Master’s | 58 (23.2) | 37 (13.4) | ||
PhD | 6 (2.4) | 5 (1.8) | ||
Time from finish of high school (years), Mdn (IQR) | 16.5 (15.0) | 14.0 (17.0) | −7.42 § | <0.001 † |
Length of service (years), Mdn (IQR) | 20.0 (14.0) | 16.0 (16.0) | −7.33 § | <0.001 † |
Workplace, (N, %) | ||||
Health center | 39 (15.6) | 48 (17.4) | 0.004 * | |
Hospital/clinic | 149 (59.6) | 191 (69.2) | 11.18 ‡ | |
Other institution | 62 (24.8) | 37 (13.4) | ||
Tried to enroll in studies before (N, %) | ||||
Yes | 170 (68.0) | 245 (88.8) | 33.98 ‡ | <0.001 * |
No | 80 (32.0) | 31 (11.2) | ||
Attitudes toward doctoral nursing studies (N, %) | ||||
Positive | 75 (30.0) | 132 (47.8) | 17.47 ‡ | <0.001 * |
Negative | 175 (70.0) | 144 (52.2) |
Not Intend to Enroll in Studies (n = 250) | Intend to Enroll in Studies (n = 276) | Z | p * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrinsic motivation | Mdn (IQR) | 60.0 (10.0) | 62.0 (9.0) | −3.57 | <0.001 |
Mean Rank | 238.7 | 286.0 | |||
Challenge | Mdn (IQR) | 26.0 (6.0) | 27.0 (6.0) | −3.87 | <0.001 |
Mean Rank | 236.6 | 287.8 | |||
Enjoyment | Mdn (IQR) | 34.0 (5.0) | 35.0 (5.0) | −2.24 | 0.025 |
Mean Rank | 248.0 | 277.6 | |||
Extrinsic motivation | Mdn (IQR) | 51.0 (10.0) | 51.0 (9.8) | −0.87 | 0.387 |
Mean Rank | 257.5 | 269.0 | |||
Outward | Mdn (IQR) | 35.0 (7.3) | 34.0 (7.0) | −0.34 | 0.736 |
Mean Rank | 265.8 | 261.4 | |||
Compensation | Mdn (IQR) | 16.0 (4.0) | 16.0 (3.8) | −2.41 | 0.016 |
Mean Rank | 246.8 | 278.6 | |||
Overall work motivation (WPI) | Mdn (IQR) | 110.5 (16.0) | 113.0 (15.0) | −2.70 | 0.007 |
Mean Rank | 244.8 | 280.5 | |||
Attitudes toward further education | Mdn (IQR) | 33.0 (10.0) | 40.5 (9.0) | −11.19 | <0.001 |
Mean Rank | 185.7 | 334.0 |
Extrinsic Motivation | Intrinsic Motivation | Overall Work Motivation | Positive Attitude Toward Further Education | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outward | Compensation | Challenge | Enjoyment | |||||||||
β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Age (years) | 0.27 | 0.278 | 0.35 | 0.109 | −0.68 | 0.004 | −0.41 | 0.083 | −0.33 | 0.159 | −0.09 | 0.695 |
Gender (female was referent group) | ||||||||||||
Male | −0.07 | 0.110 | 0.06 | 0.100 | −0.04 | 0.369 | −0.14 | 0.002 | −0.12 | 0.005 | −0.04 | 0.345 |
Environment (rural was referent group) | ||||||||||||
Urban | 0.02 | 0.636 | 0.86 | 0.942 | 0.01 | 0.818 | 0.04 | 0.384 | 0.03 | 0.485 | 0.02 | 0.665 |
Family environment (live with family, partner, or roommate is referent group) | ||||||||||||
Live alone | −0.06 | 0.205 | 0.38 | 0.111 | 0.08 | 0.082 | 0.03 | 0.453 | 0.02 | 0.608 | −0.06 | 0.160 |
Children (no was referent group) | ||||||||||||
Have children | −0.05 | 0.373 | 0.96 | 0.706 | 0.03 | 0.517 | −0.03 | 0.609 | −0.02 | 0.695 | −0.14 | 0.005 |
Education (university was referent group) | ||||||||||||
High school | −0.12 | 0.006 | 0.01 | 0.095 | −0.11 | 0.017 | −0.08 | 0.087 | −0.15 | <0.001 | −0.09 | 0.047 |
Time from finish of high school (years) | −0.04 | 0.814 | 0.53 | 0.502 | 0.24 | 0.169 | −0.02 | 0.916 | 0.09 | 0.621 | −0.10 | 0.586 |
Workplace (health centers were referent group) | ||||||||||||
Working at hospital/clinic | −0.08 | 0.173 | 0.23 | 0.412 | −0.15 | 0.005 | −0.15 | 0.006 | −0.17 | 0.002 | −0.10 | 0.081 |
Working at other institution | 0.03 | 0.602 | 0.68 | 0.808 | −0.08 | 0.174 | −0.02 | 0.729 | −0.01 | 0.791 | −0.10 | 0.081 |
Length of service (years) | −0.30 | 0.088 | 0.58 | 0.131 | 0.46 | 0.007 | 0.28 | 0.104 | 0.15 | 0.369 | 0.10 | 0.552 |
Attitudes toward doctoral nursing studies (negative attitude was referent group) | ||||||||||||
Positive attitude toward doctoral studies | 0.04 | 0.341 | 0.02 | 0.030 | 0.19 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.003 | 0.16 | <0.001 | 0.21 | <0.001 |
Positive attitude toward further education | 0.07 | 0.099 | 0.00 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.004 | 0.08 | 0.087 | 0.16 | <0.001 | - | - |
Adjusted R2 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.32 |
OR | 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender (female was referent group) | |||
Male | 1.32 | (0.58–3.00) | 0.509 |
Age (years) | 0.93 | (0.81–1.07) | 0.303 |
Environment (rural was referent group) | |||
Urban | 1.14 | (0.66–1.99) | 0.637 |
Family environment (Live with family, partner, or roommate is referent group) | |||
Live alone | 1.56 | (0.58–4.20) | 0.379 |
Children (no was referent group) | |||
Have children | 1.36 | (0.78–2.38) | 0.280 |
Education (university was referent group) | |||
High school | 2.30 | (1.29–4.10) | 0.005 |
Time from finish of high school (years) | 0.98 | (0.89–1.08) | 0.732 |
Workplace (health center is referent group) | |||
Working at hospital/clinic | 1.37 | (0.74–2.57) | 0.319 |
Working at other institution | 0.51 | (0.24–1.08) | 0.079 |
Length of service (years) | 1.00 | (0.91–1.10) | 0.960 |
Tried to enroll in studies before (no was referent group) | |||
Enrolled in studies before | 3.89 | (1.97–7.67) | <0.001 |
Attitudes toward doctoral nursing studies (negative attitude was referent group) | |||
Positive attitude toward doctoral studies | 1.78 | (1.09–2.91) | 0.022 |
Motivation | |||
Extrinsic motivation factors—outward | 0.97 | (0.92–1.02) | 0.199 |
Extrinsic motivation factors—compensation | 1.03 | (0.94–1.12) | 0.541 |
Intrinsic motivation factors—challenge | 1.07 | (1.01–1.14) | 0.036 |
Intrinsic motivation factors—enjoyment | 0.98 | (0.92–1.05) | 0.593 |
Attitudes toward further education | 1.17 | (1.13–1.22) | <0.001 |
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Sušilović, I.; Ljubičić, M.; Matijaš, T.; Bokan, I.; Marendić, M. Motivations and Attitudes Toward Further Education: A Cross-Sectional, Descriptive Predictive Study. Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15, 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15060190
Sušilović I, Ljubičić M, Matijaš T, Bokan I, Marendić M. Motivations and Attitudes Toward Further Education: A Cross-Sectional, Descriptive Predictive Study. Nursing Reports. 2025; 15(6):190. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15060190
Chicago/Turabian StyleSušilović, Ivana, Marija Ljubičić, Tatjana Matijaš, Ivana Bokan, and Mario Marendić. 2025. "Motivations and Attitudes Toward Further Education: A Cross-Sectional, Descriptive Predictive Study" Nursing Reports 15, no. 6: 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15060190
APA StyleSušilović, I., Ljubičić, M., Matijaš, T., Bokan, I., & Marendić, M. (2025). Motivations and Attitudes Toward Further Education: A Cross-Sectional, Descriptive Predictive Study. Nursing Reports, 15(6), 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15060190