Health Status of Adults with Hearing Loss in the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Instrumentation
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Self-Reported Health Status by Hearing Level
Disease States and Hearing Level
3.3. Medical Screening and Preventive Behaviors by Hearing Loss
3.4. Health Behaviors (Lifestyle Behaviors) and Hearing Loss
4. Discussion
Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | N | % |
---|---|---|
Region of the United States | ||
South | 12,896 | (35) |
West | 10,073 | (27) |
Midwest | 7809 | (21) |
Northeast | 5919 | (16) |
Sex | ||
Female | 20,299 | (55) |
Male | 16,398 | (45) |
Age (M = 49, SD = 18.3) | ||
≤19 | 769 | (2) |
20–29 | 5788 | (16) |
30–39 | 6168 | (17) |
40–49 | 5861 | (16) |
50–59 | 6483 | (18) |
60–69 | 5786 | (16) |
≥70 | 5842 | (16) |
Marital Status | ||
Married—spouse in household | 15,424 | (42) |
Never married | 8602 | (23) |
Divorced | 5184 | (14) |
Widowed | 3480 | (10) |
Living with partner | 2253 | (6) |
Separated | 1044 | (3) |
Married—spouse not in household | 624 | (2) |
Unknown marital status | 86 | (0) |
Race | ||
White | 28,526 | (78) |
Black/African American | 5310 | (15) |
Asian | 2168 | (6) |
Indian (American), Alaska Native | 468 | (1) |
Multiple race, no primary selected | 101 | (0) |
Level of hearing | ||
Excellent | 17,500 | (48) |
Good | 12,316 | (34) |
A little trouble | 4170 | (11) |
Moderate trouble | 1658 | (5) |
A lot of trouble | 936 | (3) |
Health Status/Chronic Illness | N | (%) |
---|---|---|
Self-Reported health status | ||
Better than last year | 6476 | (18) |
About the same as last year | 26,976 | (74) |
Worse than last year | 3191 | (9) |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | ||
Underweight | 613 | (2) |
Normal | 11,685 | (32) |
Overweight | 11,963 | (33) |
Obese | 11,905 | (32) |
Self-Reported Disease States | ||
Hypertension | 12,396 | (34) |
High Cholesterol | 10,928 | (30) |
Asthma | 4769 | (13) |
Tinnitus | 4514 | (12) |
Diabetes | 3832 | (10) |
Cancer (any kind) | 3448 | (9) |
Heart Disease | 1976 | (5) |
Ulcer | 2757 | (8) |
COPD | 1371 | (4) |
Stroke (ever had) | 1183 | (3) |
Hepatitis | 1027 | (3) |
Long term liver condition | 483 | (1) |
Health Status/Disease States | A Little Trouble Hearing | Moderate/A Lot of Trouble Hearing | Deaf | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | |
Hypertension | 2.530 (2.369–2.702) | 3.434 (3.164–3.728) | 3.377 (2.310–4.937) | |||
Asthma | 1.273 (1.162–1.394) | 1.278 (1.143–1.430) | 1.298 (0.773–2.180) * | |||
Diabetes | 2.229 (2.037–2.439) | 2.731 (2.461–3.029) | 3.299 (2.121–5.132) | |||
Cancer (any kind) | 2.470 (2.251–2.710) | 3.458 (3.118–3.834) | 3.717 (2.375–5.819) | |||
Heart disease | 3.191 (2.830–3.598) | 5.049 (4.452–5.725) | 4.960 (3.908–8.460) | |||
COPD | 2.930 (2.554–3.362) | 4.829 (4.194–5.560) | 2.587 (1.199–5.582) | |||
Stroke | 2.733 (2.356–3.171) | 4.438 (3.811–5.167) | 2.050 (0.833–5.044) * | |||
High cholesterol | 2.296 (2.149–2.454) | 2.884 (2.659–3.128) | 1.810 (1.228–2.667) | |||
Ulcer | 2.212 (1.994–2.452) | 2.897 (2.580–3.252) | 2.826 (1.682–4.750) | |||
Hepatitis | 1.656 (1.396–1.964) | 1.889 (1.548–2.304) | 0.735 (0.181–0.983) * | |||
Tinnitus | 5.431 (5.017–5.880) | 8.661 (7.918–9.475) | 3.897 (2.483–6.115) | |||
Long term liver condition | 2.249 (1.787–2.831) | 2.976 (2.317–3.821) | 2.671 (0.843–8.461) * | |||
Overweight or obese | 1.442 (1.323–1.529) | 1.305 (1.195–1.426) | 1.046 (0.702–1.557) * | |||
Health status compared to year ago | ||||||
better | 0.896 (0.822–0.978) | 0.747 (0.666–0.838) | 1.329 (0.850–2.079) * | |||
same | 0.765 (0.712–0.821) | 0.700 (0.674–0.764) | 0.666 (0.448–0.990) | |||
worse | 2.137 (1.937–2.356) | 2.929 (2.626–3.266) | 1.597 (0.879–2.914) * |
Medical Behaviors/Screenings | A Little Trouble Hearing | Moderate/A Lot of Trouble Hearing | Deaf | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | |
Fasted blood sugar testing (screen for diabetes) in past 12 months | 1.209 (1.129–1.294) | 1.225 (1.126–1.333) | 1.198 (0.809–1.774) * | |||
Dentist visit in last 12 months | 0.802 (0.750–0.857) | 0.809 (0.746–0.879) | 0.756 (0.515–1.111) * | |||
Blood pressure checked in past 12 moths | 1.377 (1.226–1.546) | 1.578 (1.354–1.838) | 1.561 (0.758–3.213) * | |||
Ever been tested for HIV—males | 0.974 (0.884–1.074) | 0.724 (0.641–0.817) | 0.502 (0.263–0.957) | |||
females | 0.724 (0.656–0.799) | 0.491 (0.427–0.565) | 0.662 (0.358–1.224) * | |||
Ever rec’d HPV—males | 0.537 (0.340–0.847) | 0.525 (0.269–1.024) * | 1.470 (0.198–10.921) * | |||
females | 0.663 (0.525–0.838) | 0.502 (0.331–0.761) | 0.351 (0.047–2.602) * |
Medical/Screening Behavior | Total 2014 NHIS Population (%) | Excellent/Good Hearing (%) | A Little Trouble Hearing (%) | Moderate/A Lot of Trouble Hearing (%) | Deaf (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dental Care (time since last saw a dentist) | |||||
Less than 12 months ago | (60) | (61) | (56) | (56) | (54) |
Longer than 12 months | (38) | (38) | (43) | (42) | (42) |
Never | (1) | (1) | (2) | (2) | (4) |
Yes | (33) | (33) | (38) | (38) | (37) |
Hypertension (blood pressure checked by health professional in past 12 months) | |||||
Yes | (86) | (89) | (91) | (92) | (92) |
Flu vaccine (in past 12 months) | |||||
Flu shot | (42) | (40) | (54) | (60) | (61) |
HIV testing (ever been tested) | |||||
Males—Yes | (35) | (37) | (37) | (30) | (23) |
Females—Yes | (38) | (41) | (34) | (26) | (32) |
HPV vaccine (ever received) | |||||
Males—Yes | (3) | (3) | (2) | (1) | (4) |
Females—Yes | (11) | (11) | (8) | (6) | (4) |
Health Behaviors | N | (%) |
---|---|---|
Sleep (hours per night) | ||
6 h or less | 11,096 | (30) |
7–8 h | 21,439 | (58) |
More than 8 h | 4162 | (11) |
Smoking | ||
Current everyday smoker | 4858 | (13) |
Current some days smoker | 1520 | (4) |
Former smoker | 8281 | (23) |
Never smoker | 21,838 | (60) |
Consume alcohol (12+ drinks in a year) | ||
Yes | 23,035 | (63) |
No | 13,356 | (36) |
Frequency of drinking among regular drinkers | ||
Less than 1 day per week | 10,759 | (37) |
1–2 days | 7525 | (26) |
3–6 days | 2945 | (10) |
7 days | 1689 | (6) |
Exercise level— | ||
Moderate | ||
Never engages | 14,247 | (39) |
Engage in vigorous activity lasting at least 10 min | 21,290 | (58) |
Unable to engage in vigorous activity | 496 | (1) |
Vigorous | ||
Never engages | 16,567 | (53) |
Engage in vigorous activity lasting at least 10 min | 15,964 | (44) |
Unable to engage in vigorous activity | 731 | (2) |
Health Status/Disease States | A Little Trouble Hearing | Moderate/A Lot of Trouble Hearing | Deaf | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | |
Sleep | ||||||
6 h or less | 1.214 (1.133–1.300) | 0.964 (0.883–1.053) * | 0.842 (0.551–1.288) * | |||
7–8 h | 0.731 (0.685–0.780) | 0.687 (0.634–0.744) | 0.620 (0.426–0.902) | |||
More than 8 h | 1.399 (1.271–1.540) | 2.232 (2.014–2.474) | 3.011 (1.957–4.631) | |||
Smoking | ||||||
Current everyday smoker | 1.343 (1.228–1.467) | 1.083 (0.963–1.218) * | 1.361 (0.819–2.260) * | |||
Current some days smoker | 0.916 (0.775–1.082) * | 0.829 (0.667–1.029) * | 1.093 (0.445–2.686) * | |||
Former smoker | 1.789 (1.666–1.922) | 2.438 (2.241–2.654) | 1.453 (0.949–2.226) * | |||
Never smoker | 0.558 (0.523–0.596) | 0.478 (0.440–0.518) | 0.639 (0.438–0.933) | |||
Consume alcohol (12 + drinks in a year) | 0.052 (0.047–0.057) | 0.051 (0.046–0.058) | 0.068 (0.41–0.113) | |||
Frequency of drinking among regular drinkers | ||||||
<1 day per week | 0.760 (0.695–0.830) | 0.792 (0.720–0.870) | 0.545 (0.336–0.886) | |||
1–2 days per week | 1.282 (1.172–1.402) | 1.180 (1.071–1.300) | 1.699 (1.061–2.719) | |||
3–6 days per week | 1.091(0.963–1.236) * | 1.176 (1.032–1.339) | 1.188 (0.623–2.265) * | |||
Exercise level | ||||||
Moderate (weekly—Engage in moderate activity lasting at least 10 min) | ||||||
Never engages | 1.057 (0.988–1.129) * | 1.312 (1.209–1.423) | 1.278 (0.872–1.871) * | |||
Engages | 0.887 (0.830–0.947) | 0.678 (0.25–0.736) | 0.582 (0.398–0.851) | |||
Unable to engage | 2.708 (2.159–3.396) | 4.192 (3.322–6.290) | 9.449 (4.727–18.889) | |||
Vigorous (weekly—Engage in vigorous activity lasting at least 10 min) | ||||||
Never engages | 1.537 (1.437–1.643) | 2.036 (1.867–2.221) | 1.574 (1.063–2.330) | |||
Engages | 0.590(0.551–0.632) | 0.933 (0.359–0.431) | 0.439 (0.288–0.670) | |||
Unable to engage | 2.542 (2.103–3.074) | 4.150 (3.423–5.031) | 7.032 (3.642–13.578) |
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Glassman, J.; Jordan, T.; Sheu, J.-J.; Pakulski, L.; Thompson, A. Health Status of Adults with Hearing Loss in the United States. Audiol. Res. 2021, 11, 100-111. https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11010011
Glassman J, Jordan T, Sheu J-J, Pakulski L, Thompson A. Health Status of Adults with Hearing Loss in the United States. Audiology Research. 2021; 11(1):100-111. https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11010011
Chicago/Turabian StyleGlassman, Jennifer, Timothy Jordan, Jiunn-Jye Sheu, Lori Pakulski, and Amy Thompson. 2021. "Health Status of Adults with Hearing Loss in the United States" Audiology Research 11, no. 1: 100-111. https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11010011