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Microbiology Research
Volume 16
Issue 12
10.3390/microbiolres16120250
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Article

A Situation Analysis of Diagnostic and Management Strategies for Gestational Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Kisumu County, Kenya: Maternal Health Implications and Opportunities for Diagnostic Improvement

by
Shivanthi Samarasinghe
1,*,†,
Eunice Namuyenga Toko
2,†,
Ukpai A. Eze
3,
Esther Furaha
2,
Itodo S. Anthony
4,
Tariq Kapasi
5,
Collins Ouma
2 and
Bertha Ochieng
6
1
Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health of Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
2
School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu P.O. Box 333-40100, Kenya
3
Chester Medical School, University of Chester, Chester CH2 1BR, UK
4
Heller School of Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
5
Centre for Primary Care Research, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Southend-on-Sea SS3 9RE, UK
6
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Southend-on-Sea SS3 9RE, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(12), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16120250
Submission received: 11 August 2025 / Revised: 22 October 2025 / Accepted: 19 November 2025 / Published: 26 November 2025
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet epidemiological data on gestational UTIs in Kenya are limited. This study assessed diagnostic and management practices in Kisumu County to inform diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted from February 2020 to February 2021 among 416 records of pregnant women at Chulaimbo and Nyahera Sub-County Hospitals. Socio-demographic, laboratory, and clinical history data were collected using structured forms and analysed in STATA 16.0. Statistical methods included chi-square, multivariate logistic regression, and Spearman’s rank correlation (p ≤ 0.05). Dipstick-based presumptive proportion of UTIs was 57.9% (241/416). Only 1.4% (6/416) had microbiological confirmation despite infections being recorded. The mean maternal age was 23.92 years, parity two, mean antenatal visits two, and mean haemoglobin 10.73 ± 1.8 g/dL. The first antenatal care attendance occurred at varying gestational ages in 56% (233/416). Antibiotics prescribed were 60% from WHO ‘Access’ group and 40% from ‘Watch’ group. Gestational UTI’s in Kisumu County were frequently managed without confirmatory diagnosis, increasing antimicrobial resistance risk. Strengthening management requires better laboratory capacity, sustained financial investment, improved antibiotic access, and adherence to WHO AWaRe guidelines to protect maternal and neonatal health.
Keywords: gestational UTI; clinical diagnosis; therapeutic management gestational UTI; clinical diagnosis; therapeutic management

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MDPI and ACS Style

Samarasinghe, S.; Toko, E.N.; Eze, U.A.; Furaha, E.; Anthony, I.S.; Kapasi, T.; Ouma, C.; Ochieng, B. A Situation Analysis of Diagnostic and Management Strategies for Gestational Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Kisumu County, Kenya: Maternal Health Implications and Opportunities for Diagnostic Improvement. Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16, 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16120250

AMA Style

Samarasinghe S, Toko EN, Eze UA, Furaha E, Anthony IS, Kapasi T, Ouma C, Ochieng B. A Situation Analysis of Diagnostic and Management Strategies for Gestational Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Kisumu County, Kenya: Maternal Health Implications and Opportunities for Diagnostic Improvement. Microbiology Research. 2025; 16(12):250. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16120250

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samarasinghe, Shivanthi, Eunice Namuyenga Toko, Ukpai A. Eze, Esther Furaha, Itodo S. Anthony, Tariq Kapasi, Collins Ouma, and Bertha Ochieng. 2025. "A Situation Analysis of Diagnostic and Management Strategies for Gestational Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Kisumu County, Kenya: Maternal Health Implications and Opportunities for Diagnostic Improvement" Microbiology Research 16, no. 12: 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16120250

APA Style

Samarasinghe, S., Toko, E. N., Eze, U. A., Furaha, E., Anthony, I. S., Kapasi, T., Ouma, C., & Ochieng, B. (2025). A Situation Analysis of Diagnostic and Management Strategies for Gestational Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Kisumu County, Kenya: Maternal Health Implications and Opportunities for Diagnostic Improvement. Microbiology Research, 16(12), 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16120250

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