Taxation of Electric Vehicles in Europe: A Methodology for Comparison
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Total Cost of Ownership
1.2. Vehicle Taxation in Europe
1.2.1. Germany
1.2.2. The Netherlands
1.2.3. Italy
1.2.4. Norway
1.2.5. The United Kingdom
- Category 1 = €5230 (CO2 emissions less than 50 g/km, zero emission range of at least 70 miles)
- Category 2 = €2910 (CO2 emissions less than 50 g/km, zero emission range between 10 and 69 miles)
- Category 3 = €2910 (CO2 emissions between 50 and 75 g/km, zero emission range of at least 20 miles)
1.2.6. France
1.3. Additional xEV Benefits
2. Methodology for a Comparison of Vehicle Taxation Schemes
3. Results
4. Outlook
4.1. France
- Decreasing bonus level,
- Increasing malus level,
- The starting point of the malus is shifted to lower CO2 values,
- CO2 limits for subsidies are lowered.
4.2. The United Kingdom
4.3. The Netherlands
4.4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
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Private customer in the Netherlands | ||||||
year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
vehicle emission (gCO2/km) | 116.4 | 112.5 | 109.5 | 106.0 | 103.5 | 100.0 |
delta vs. previous year (%) | 3.3 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 3.4 | |
Business customer in UK | ||||||
year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
vehicle emission (gCO2/km) | 140 | 130 | 120 | 110 | 95 | 90 |
delta vs. previous year (%) | 7.1 | 7.7 | 8.3 | 13.6 | 5.3 |
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Hauff, K.; Pfahl, S.; Degenkolb, R. Taxation of Electric Vehicles in Europe: A Methodology for Comparison. World Electr. Veh. J. 2018, 9, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj9020030
Hauff K, Pfahl S, Degenkolb R. Taxation of Electric Vehicles in Europe: A Methodology for Comparison. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2018; 9(2):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj9020030
Chicago/Turabian StyleHauff, Karin, Stefan Pfahl, and Rolf Degenkolb. 2018. "Taxation of Electric Vehicles in Europe: A Methodology for Comparison" World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 2: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj9020030